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xgd`ol doz hg }`` xjsiz g&k& ja j} js gxz cl`sg }` o fgxg&

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b`lg {jll bgol ofm cl`sg hz j}sgla, hw} ja f`} j} doz xgqwjxg c`xxgc}jg swxkgxz&

Fgxqg modokg& O djs}oig mwxjfk of gr}xoc}j`f `a o }``}b ax`d }bg l`{gx no{ doz modokg }bg

jfagxj`x olg`lox fgxg& Fwdhfgss jf }bg l`{gx lju ofm cbjf oxg c`dd`f szdu}`ds `a o modokgm

fgxg& ]bg fgxg {jll bgol jf o ag{ {ggis wu }` s`dg d`f}bs mgugfmjfk `f }bg gr}gfm `a }bgmodokg& Jf xoxg cosgs, }bg fgxg js wfohlg }` bgol c`dulg}glz, lgojfk }bg uo}jgf} {j}b o ugxdofgf}

fwdhfgss&

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bog o xjsi `a no{ axoc}wxg& Ggf ja }bg oc}wol }``}b gr}xoc}j`f ux`cgmwxg js ugxa`xdgm sd``}blz

{j}b`w} ofz ux`hlgds, }bgxg oxg cosgs `a c`duljco}j`fs mwxjfk }bg bgoljfk ux`cgss&

]``}b gr}xoc}j`f c`duljco}j`fs oa}gx }bg `ugxo}j`f

7/23/2019 LBM 4 BLOK 17

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U`ssjhlg }``}b gr}xoc}j`f c`duljco}j`fs oa}gx }bg `ugxo}j`f jfclwmg >

Mxz s`cig}& Omxz s`cig}a`ll`{jfk o }``}b gr}xoc}j`f js o c`dd`f c`duljco}j`f jf oh`w} 7' `a

ug`ulg {b` bog o }``}b gr}xoc}gm& ]bg c`fmj}j`f `ccwxs {bgf o hl``m cl`} m`gs f`} a`xd f`xdollz

jf }bg }``}b s`cig} `x }bg hl``m cl`} js {osbgm `w} `x mjss`lgm uxgdo}wxglz& Jf o mxz s`cig}

sj}wo}j`f, }bg wfmgxlzjfk h`fg ofm fgxgs oxg gru`sgm }` ojx ofm a``m, cowsjfk jf}gfsg uojf ofms`dg}jdgs hom `m`x `x }os}g& O mxz s`cig} fggms }` hg }xgo}gm {j}b o dgmjco}gm mxgssjfk }` s}`u }bg

uojf ofm bglu bgoljfk&

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mgf}js} {jll kgfgxollz uxgscxjhg of}jhj`}jcs hga`xg ofm oa}gx }bg gr}xoc}j`f&

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mgf}js} `x `xol swxkg`f a`x omjcg&

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jfaloddo}j`f jf`ljfk }bg dwsclgs wsgm a`x cbg{jfk a``m& ]xjsdws doz xgswl}s ax`d }bg dwl}julg

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dwsclgs& ]bg dwsclg d`s} ljiglz }` hg jf`lgm js }bg dgmjol u}gxzk`jm dwsclg , {bjcb js wswollz

ugfg}xo}gm {bgf kjjfk o ofgs}bg}jc hl`ci }` }bg l`{gx no{&

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dwsclgs `a cbg{jfk&

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S` s`dg jfs}xwc}j`fs ofm {oxfjfk {jll wswollz hg kjgf hz }bg mgf}ol swxkg`f hga`xg ofz swxkjcol

}``}b gr}xoc}j`f ux`cgmwxg js m`fg& ]zujcollz, }bg `fsg} `a gccbzd`sjs js 8 }` = mozs oa}gx swxkgxz

ofm wswollz xgs`lgs {j}bjf ; }` ?5 mozs&

8&?Iglofnw}of mof i`duljiosj uosco$Ugfcohw}of

8&8&? Ugxmoxobof

Ugxmoxobof xjfkof moxj olg`lox omolob f`xdol ouohjlo }gxnomj uomo ?8$8= nod

ugx}odo sgswmob ugfcohw}of o}ow ugdhgmobof kjkj& Ugfgiofof `ilwsol mgfkof

dgfkkwfiof ioso nolof }gxhoji wf}wi dgfk`f}x`lfzo mof mouo} dgxofksofk ugdhgf}wiof

hgiwof moxob zofk s}ohjl& Ouohjlo ugxmoxobof cwiwu hofzoi, lghjb moxj ? wfj} "=75 dl*

uomo 8= nod ugx}odo uomo uosjgf mg{oso, boxws mjloiwiof }jfmoiof sgkgxo wf}wi

dgfk`f}x`l ugxmoxobof& Ugxjisolob uosjgf sgsgkgxo dwfkijf& ]gfofkiof uosjgf,

ugxjisolob }ofmo$}ofmo j}ol "mgfzw} fomj, ugxfouosof, }giofof moxob*& Njio uosjgf sz`i,

djsolfzo mjoa`xg}ji "hgxigxjfko}* mgfkof mgfzw} zofk lgdob, mof cguo} sgx}o ugxfouosof

zofk mofkiol mof cguo}, mjsgx}oj mgfkof }wxwffzo }giofof moxob, o}ow i`fmjsj uosjgf

sgmofk oiof dgfwnw sz`i, doio mjugxlwiof }xofsu`x}osj sgcguo}fzo dgfwnw ig xwdob

soij} zofk dgduwfzoj aosjlj}os zofk dgdomoj wf}wi dgfko}osj bol }gxsghw}&8

Ugxmoxobof uosco gis}xoisj wdwdfzo mjsghohiof `lgb aoi}`x l`iol, sgugx}j >

}xowdo zofk hgxlghjbof uomo noxjfkof lwfoi

dwi`so zofk dgfkolodj ugxomofkof uomo mogxob gis}xoisj

}jmoi mjuo}wbjfzo jfs}xwisj uosco gis}xoisj lgb uosjgf

}jfmoiof uosjgf sgugx}j ugfgiofof s`ig} lgb ljmob mof ighjosoof dgfkbjsou$

bjsou

iwdwx$iwdwx zofk hgxlghjbof

dgdoiof doiofof zofk igxos uomo mogxob gis}xoisj

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Hgxjiof ugfnglosof uomo uosjgf hob{o sgkolofzo oiof mouo} mjo}osj mof }jmoi ugxlw

ibo{o}jx& Olg`lox ``~jfk omolob f`xdol uomo ?8$8= nod uosco gis}xoisj kjkj&

Ugfofkofof o{ol zofk ij}o loiwiof omolob dgloiwiof ugfgiofof lofkswfk mgfkof

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}odu`f iouos o}ow iosso uomo mogxob ugxmoxobof swuozo }gxhgf}wi hgiwof moxob zofk

s}ohjl& Sgxjfk bofzo mgfkof dgloiwiof ugfgiofof, ugxmoxobof mouo} mjo}osj&=,7,1

Njio }gxfzo}o ugxmoxobof hglwd hgxbgf}j, mouo} ij}o loiwiof ugfgiofof mgfkof

}odu`f zofk }glob mjhgxj ofgs}g}ji l`iol zofk dgfkofmwfk os`i`fs}xji}`x "omxgfoljf*&

Loiwiof ugfgiofof o}ow uosjgf mjdjf}o dgfkkjkj} }odu`f sglodo ?5 dgfj} mof ugxjiso

igdholj ouoiob ugxmoxobof swmob hgxbgf}j& Hjlo ugxlw, mouo} mj}odhobiof ugdhgxjof

hobof ohs`xhohlg kglo}jfg su`fkg "ol`lkzl su`fk`s}of* zofk mjlg}oiiof mj olg`lws

sgx}o loiwiof ugfnobj}of hjoso&8,7

Hjlo ugxmoxobof hglwd nwko hgxbgf}j, mouo} ij}o loiwiof ugfnobj}of uomo s`ig} kjkj

zofk dgfkolodj ugxmoxobof }gxsghw}& ]gifji ugfnobj}of zofk ij}o kwfoiof omolob }gifji

do}xos b`xj~`f}ol mjdofo nobj}of jfj hgxsjao} i`duxgsja uomo }guj$}guj lwio& Hgfofk nobj}

zofk mjkwfoiof wdwdfzo omolob sjli 3&5, jcxzl 3&5, mof co}kw} 3&5&

ugxmoxobof zofk sofko} mgxos djsolfzo uomo }gxu`}`fkfzo ox}gxj, doio ij}o loiwiof

ilgd mgfkof bgd`s}o} lolw loiwiof ljkosj, zoj}w dgfkjio} ugdhwlwb moxob mgfkof hgfofk

o}ow mgfkof iow}gxjsosj&

Uomo ugxmoxobof zofk dosja mof }jmoi hgxbgf}j, }g}ou hgxsjiou }gfofk mof sjouiof

sgkgxo bgd`s}o}jc okgf} sgugx}j osod }xofgisodo}& Jfngisjiof osod }xofgisodo} sgcoxo

jf}xogfo o}ow jf}xo dwsiwlgx&=,7,1

8&8&8 Fzgxj

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sodo uosjgf& Xoso soij} uomo uomo o{ol ugfcohw}of kjkj, }gxw}odo sgswmob ugdhgmobof

wf}wi kjkj gxwusj dowuwf jduoisj, mouo} sofko} dgfkkofkkw& @xofk mg{oso sghojifzo

dwloj dgdjfwd ugfk`f}x`l xoso soij} sgswmob doiof }g}ouj sghglwd }jdhwlfzo xoso soij}&

Uomo mglouof nod ugx}odo sg}glob ugdhgmobof, m`sjs mg{oso wf}wi `ho} ofolkgsjc f`f$

foxi`}jifoxi`}ji mouo} mjljuo}kofmoiof& Dgsijuwf c`f}x`l fzgxj }jmoi dgfjdhwliof

dosolob uomo ofoi$ofoi, hoji ioxgfo sjao}fzo o}ow sjao} moxj ux`sgmwx zofk mjolodjfzo,

swsugfsg ugmjo}xjc zofk hgxjsj okgf ofxi`}ji o}ow i`dhjfosj f`f$foxi`}jifoxi`}ji mouo}

mjkwfoiof& Lghjb sgxjfk m`sjs xgsgu zofk mjhgxjiof lghjb xgfmob moxj zofk sgboxwsfzo

ig}jdhofk lghjb }jfkkj ioxgfo sjao} bo}j$bo}j zofk }jdhwl oijho} sgxjfkfzo

ugfzolobkwfoof `ho}& Dgfgxwsiof ugfkkwfoof ofolkgsjc foxi`}ji sgswmob 8= nod o}ow

=2 nod uosco$ugfcohw}of, }jmoi mjofnwxiof& Uosjgf mgfkof bo}j$bo}j mjoxobiof wfwi

dgfkwxofkj m`sjs ofolkgsjc sgcoxo hgx}obou, djsolfzo moxj m`sjs o{ol `ho} foxi`}jif`f

foxi`}ji zofk }jfkkj mj iwxofkj dgfnomj m`sjs zofk lghjb xgfmob, mof igdwmjof mjswswl

7/23/2019 LBM 4 BLOK 17

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mgfkof `ho} ofolkgsjc f`f$foxi`}ji zofk }jfkkj mof oibjxfzo m`sjs zofk lghjb xgfmob moxj

`ho} zofk sodo&8

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Gmgdo dgxwuoiof iglofnw}of f`xdol moxj sg}jou ugfcohw}of mof ugdhgmobof kjkj,

sgx}o dgxwuoiof xgoisj f`xdol moxj noxjfkof }gxbomou cgmgxo& Gmgdo omolob xgoisj

jfmjjmwol, zoj}w }xowdo zofk hgsoxfzo sodo, }jmoi sglolw dgfkoijho}iof mgxono}

ugdhgfkioiof zofk sodo hoji uomo uosjgf zofk sodo o}ow hgxhokoj uosjgf& Wsobo$wsobo

wf}wi dgfk`f}x`l gmgdo dgfcofkiwu }gxdol "mjfkjf*, ajsji "ugfgiofof*, mof `ho}$

`ho}of&8

Ouljiosj mjfkjf sglodo 8= nod ugx}odo sgswmob ugdhgmobof hjosofzo

hgxdofaoo}&

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dgdho}osj }gxnomjfzo gmgdo dowuwf bgdo}`do&

@ho} zofk uoljfk sgxjfk mjkwfoiof omolob ngfjs s}gx`jm zofk mjhgxjiof sgcoxo

uoxgf}gxol, `xol o}ow }`ujcol sghokoj ugdholw} olg`lox& Ohs`xsj sjs}gdji zofk

cwiwu hgsox moxj s}gx`jm zofk mjouljiosjiof sgcoxo }`ujcol nwko mj}gdwiof

igxwsoiof& [olowuwf ugdhgfkioiof uosco hgmob dgfkkofkkw gs}g}ji }g}ouj

bofzo sgdgf}oxo, hjosofzo uomo ighofzoiof uosjgf soduoj ;$85 boxj&8

Kodhox 3> Ugfgiofof mjloiwiof mgfkof sghwfkiws gs uomo xgkj`f aosjol

8&8&= Xgoisj }gxbomou `ho}

Xgoisj olgxkj `ho} }gxbomou ofolkgsjc hjso }gxnomj, }g}ouj xglo}jg noxofk& Zofk wdwd

omolob olgxkj osujxjf zofk }gxdofjags}osj sghokoj xwod iwlj} "wx}jioxjo*, ofkj`mgdo o}ow

osdo& Xgoisj olgxkj zofk oiw} }gxbomou of}jhj`}jc "wdwdfzo ugfjsjljf*, mouo} dgdo}jiof&

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dgfkbgf}jiof ugdoiojof `ho} sgsgkgxo dwfkijf& Uosjgf zofk dgfwfnwiiof }ofmo$}ofmo

xgoisj zofk dgfcwxjkoiof sghojifzo sgsgkgxo dwfkijf mjho{o ig}gduo} aosjlj}os

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sglgfkioufzo&

I`duljiosj Hghgxouo Soo} sg}glob `ugxosj

8&3&? Mxz S`cig}

Sg}glob ugfcohw}of kjkj }gxhgf}wi hgiwof moxob mj }gduo} ugfcohw}of, mj dofo

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ajhxjf`ljsjs uomo hgiwof moxob mj s`ig} hgios ugfcohw}of&

Kodhox => Mxz s`cig}

G}j`l`kj>

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d`lox }jko zofk jduoisj*&

Kodhoxof iljfjs

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moxob zofk hgx{oxfo igohw$ohwof zofk i`}`x, igdwmjof hgiwof jfj bjlofk mof

dgfjfkkoliof s`ig} }wlofk zofk i`s`fk "mxz s`cig}*& ]wlofk }gxgisu`s mof sofko}

sgfsj}ja& Ugfmgxj}o hjosofzo dgfkglwbiof soij} zofk uoxob, mof mouo} }jdhwl how }oi

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ljdaomgf`uo}j&

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