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  • 1.

    2. :

    3.

    4.

    5.

  • 1. I - - , ?

    (Air pressure) (vacuum) Hero (Experiment) ?

    (Robert Boyle) ?

    , " , ."

    .

    | ,

    |

    |

    " ."| Anaximenes (AN- ih-neez 570-500 ..)

    |

    | , Empedocles ( PED - kleez, 492-432 ..) ,

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    , ( .) 50 .

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    , Democritus (DEH-Mok-Rih - , 470-380 )

    .Democritus

    . , " " (A-tomz)

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    Democritus ,

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    .

  • 2.

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    Democritus , |

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    1662 , |

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    .1803 ,

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  • (MOL - kyoolz) , "

    ."

    , .

    , . 1643

    Evangelista Torricelli ( - righ-Chel , 1608-1647) |

    . .

    Torricelli

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    13.4 , ,

    .

    Torricelli , ,.

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  • 2. :

    : ? ? ?Joseph Preistley ?

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    dries "evaporates" (ee-VAP ) , .

    , (vapors) .

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    1520 , (1580-1644) (vapors) .

    , .

    , .

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  • . " " (Chaos)

    . Helmont vapors (chaos) ,. ,

    chaos "."

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    ." cooled.Nor

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    Helmonts , 1756 ,

    (1728-1799) , ,

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    (Kahr - OKside)

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    ( 3 1/000) 0.035 .

    exhaled

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    , (1749-1819)

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    Rutherford , , , "phlogisticated

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    Priestley (1733-1804) 1774 .

    Priestley ,

    upended ,

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  • Priestley

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    Priestley , ,

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    Priestley , ,

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    Priestley .

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    Priestley , ,

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    (1731-1810) , ,

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    14 . Cavendish

    lightest , lightest .

    , , ,

    .Cavendish ", "

    . Cavendish ,

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    1774 , Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (la-vwah - ZYAY, 1743-1794)

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    (Lavoisier ) ,

    ., 78 21

    ( 4:5/1:5 | Lavoisier ). ,

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    , .

    ( ) , , 78

    21 . 1.1 percent

    |

    Cavendish,

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    Cavendish

    .Event | Cavendish , ,

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    Cavendish , ,

    1 . ,

    . Cavendish , ,

    1 .

  • .1811 , , Amedeo Avogadro, ( -

    ) (1776-1856)

    .

    . .

    , |

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    . ko O2

    lage. , , N2

    H2.

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    | Stanislao Cannizzaro (

    - , 1826-1910) . ,

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  • 1860 ,

    , , 99

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    .Climbing

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    , , (MOHN - gohl - FYAY, 1740-1810)

    (1745-1799),

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  • , , . (Gay Lussac),

    ..

    1875 , |

    | ,

    Tissandier ( --DYAY, 1843-1899 ) .

    .

    1892 , . ,

    .

    |

  • , Teisserenc Bort (-RAHN--BAWR, 1855-

    1913) . (- 55 ) ,

    55

    . (- 67 ), , 67

    . , ,

    , .

    1902 , Teisserenc Bort .

    . , , , , . Teisserenc Bort

    " " (TROH-Poh-sfeer) ,

    " ."

    . , , .

    , .

    . Teisserenc Bort

    , , . ,

    "" ( sfeer) , " .

  • 4.

    : ? ? ?

    ?

    , 1 .

    (-, 1842-1919) 1882

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    , ( , , 1852-1916)

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    1895 , ,

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    21 ,78 1

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    , Cesar Janssen (zhahn

    , 1824-1907) 1868 | Caesar Janssen

    , "" (HEEleeumm)

    ","

  • .

    1898 :

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    .

    1/5, . , .

    , ,

    (CH4) .

    ,

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    1800 ,

    | ,." , 1877 , , Cailletet (ka-Yuh , 1832-1913)

    toreach . -183 (-297

    ), -194 (-320 ) ,

    , , .

    , (-, 1842-1934), , 1895

    , " "

    .

    ,

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  • 800 , ,

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    ( Kahr, 1884-1962), ,

    . 1931 ,

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    . . 30

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    , " " (MEE- awrz), " ,"

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  • 60-80

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    "" ( onz) .

    , atoms.Naturally, .

    .

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    . . " " (

    -ruh) .

    . 1950 ,

    |

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    . ,

    , , , ,

    lightest .

    1901 , Guglielmo (Mahr-KOH-nee, 1874-1937)

    .

    puzzling . , ,

    . ?

    1902 , Kennelly (1861-1939)

    .

    .

    , ,. ,

    .

  • , Heaviside (HEV- , 1850-1925),

    , "Kennelly-Heaviside ." 1924 ,

    (1892-1965),

    . Kennelly-Heaviside

    , .

    (1892-1937)

    60-150 , " " ( sfeer) .

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    , down.The

    , "ozonosphere" ( ZOH-noh-sfeer) .

    Ozonosphere . .

    ozonosphere ,

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    (Koy , 1905-1973)

    1948 .

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