dushyant agronomy final

8/14/2019 Dushyant Agronomy Final

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Seed rate , seed

treatment& sowing in the

nursery

Made by :


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SEED RATE:-

Th e quantity of seed required forsowing or planting in an unit area.

The seed rate for a particular cropwould depend not only on its seedsize/test weight,

But also on its desired population ,germination percentage & puritypercentage of seed .


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It is calculated as

seed rate { kg} = area to besown in m2 test weight of theseed in gm 1 /germination %

purity % spacing (m) 1000


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A seed rate of about 100 kg of seedper hectare (2 bushels per acre) istypical, though rates varyconsiderably depending on cropspecies, soil conditions, and farmer'spreference.

Excessive rates can cause the cropto lodge, while too thin a rate willresult in poor utilisation of the land,

competition with weedsand a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodge


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SEED TREATMENT

Seed treatment refers to theapplication of fungicide, insecticide, ora combination of both, to seeds so asto disinfect and disinfect them fromseed-borne or soil-borne pathogenicorganisms and storage insects.


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Benefits of Seed

Treatment: 1) Prevents spread of plant diseases

2) Protects seed from seed rot and

seedling blights 3) Improves germination

4) Provides protection from storage

insects 5) Controls soil insects.


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Methods of seed

treatment1) Dry treatment:-

mixing of seed with powder formof pesticides/ nutrients.

3) Wet treatment :-

soaking of seed inpesticide/nutrient solutions.

5) Slurry treatment:-

dipping of seeds/seedling in slurry

Ex. Rice seedling are dipped in phosphate

slurry.


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4) pelleting :-

it is the coating of solid materials

in sufficient quantities to make theseeds larger, heavier & to appearuniform in size for sowing with seeddrills.

Pelleting with pesticides as aprotectant against soil organisms,soil pests & as a replellant against

birds & rodents .


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Types of Seed Treatment:

1) Seed disinfection:

Seed

disinfection refers to the eradicationof fungal spores that have becomeestablished within the seed coat,or more deep-seated tissues. For

effective control, the fungicidaltreatment must actually penetratethe seed in order to kill the fungus

that is present.


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2) Seed disinfestation:

Seed

disinfestation refers to thedestruction of surface-borneorganisms that have contaminatedthe seed surface but not infected

the seed surface. Chemical dips,soaks, fungicides applied as dust,slurry or liquid have been found

successful.


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3) Seed Protection:

The purpose of

seed protection is to protect theseed and young seedling fromorganisms in the soil which mightotherwise cause decay of the seed

before germination.


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Conditions under which

seed must be treated 1) Injured Seeds:

Any break in theseed coat of a seed affords anexcellent opportunity for fungi toenter the seed and either kill it, orawaken the seedling that will beproduced from it. Seeds suffermechanical injury during combiningand threshing operations, or frombeing dropped from excessive

heights. They may also be injuredby weather or improper storage.


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2) Diseased seed:

Seed may be

infected by disease organisms evenat the time of harvest, or maybecome infected during processing,if processed on contaminated

machinery or if stored incontaminated containers orwarehouses.


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3) Undesirable soil conditions:

Seeds are

sometimes planted underunfavourable soil conditions suchas cold and damp soils, orextremely dry soils. Such

unfavourable soil conditions may befavourable to the growth anddevelopment of certain fungi spores

enabling them to attack and damage


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4) Disease-free seed:

Seeds are

invariably infected, by diseaseorganisms ranging from noeconomic consequence to severeeconomic consequences. Seed

treatment provides a goodinsurance against diseases, soil-borne organisms and thus affords

protection to weak seeds enabling


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Equipments used for Seed

Treatment: 1) Slurry Treaters

2) Direct Treaters

3) Home-made drum mixer

4)Grain auger

5) Shovel


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Precautions in Seed

Treatment: Most products used in the treatment of

seeds are harmful to humans, but theycan also be harmful to seeds.

Extreme care is required to ensurethat treated seed is never used ashuman or animal food. To minimisethis possibility, treated seed should beclearly labelled as being dangerous, if

consumed. The temptation to use unsold treated

seed for human or animal feed can beavoided if care is taken to treat only thequantity for which sales are assured.


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Care must also be taken to treatseed at the correct dosage rate;applying too much or too littlematerial can be as damaging asnever treating at all.

Seed with a very high moisture

content is very susceptible to injurywhen treated with some of theconcentrated liquid products.


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If the seeds are to be treated withbacterial cultures also, the order inwhich seed treatments should bedone shall be as follows

i) fungicide

ii) bacterial cultures.


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Sowing

Sowing is the process of plantingseeds. before sowing, good qualityseeds (clean and healthy seeds)should be selected to produce a highyield.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeds


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Methods of sowing

Seed are sown directly in the field(seed bed) or in the nursery( nursery bed ) where seedling areraised & transplanted later.

Direct seeding may be done by

a) Broadcasting :-

it is the scattering orspreading of the seeds on the soilwhich may or may not be done by

hand,mechanicaal spreader or


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Broadcasting the seeds is theeasy,quick & cheap method ofseeding .

The difficulties observed inbroadcasting are unevendistribution,improper placement of

seeds & less soil cover &compaction.

As all the seeds are not placed in

uniform density & depth , there is no


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It is mostly suited for closely paced &small seeded crops.

b)Dibbling:-it is the placing of seeds in a hole

or pit made at a predeterminedspacing & depth with a dibbler or

planeter or very often by hand.

Dibbling is mmore laborious,timeconsuming & expensive compared to

germination with good seedling


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C) drilling :-

it is the practice of dropping seeds

in a definite depth, covered with soil& compacted.

sowing implements like seed drill orseed cum fertilizer drill are used.

manures,fertilizers,soilamendments,pesticides,etc. May beapplied along with seeds.


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Seeds are drilled continuosly or atregular intervals in rows.

it requires more time, energy & costbut maintains uniform populationper unit area.

rows are set according to the

requirements .

Seeds are placed at uniformdepth,covered & compacted.


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E) Planting :-

placing seeds or seed

material firmly in the soil to grow.

F) Transplanting :-

planting seedling in the main fieldafter pulling out from the nursery.

it is done to reduce the main fieldduration of the crops facilitating togrow more number of crops in an


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It is easy to give extra care fortender seedling.

For small seeded crops whhichrequire shallow sowing & frequentirrigation for propergermination,raising nursery is the

easiest way.


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Pre-monsoon sowing:-

Normally sowing is taken up afterreceipt of sufficient amount ofrainfall (20 mm) in the case ofdryland system of farming .

Since sowing is continued for two orthree days after a soaking

rain,certain amount of moisture islast during the period between thereceipt of rainfall & sowing.

In the case of heavy clay soils (black


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To over come this difficult, sowing istakenup in dry soil prepared withsummer rains,7 to 10 days beforethe anticipated receipt of sowingrains.

The seeds germinate after the

receipt of the rainfall . This method of sowing is known as

drysowing or pre-monsoon sowing.

By this method the entire rainfall


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Factors involved in

sowing management :-Tthis can be classified into 2 broad

groups:

2)Mechanical factors:such as depth of sowing,

emergence habit, seed size & weightseed texture, seed contact, seed bed

fertility, soil moisture.

4)Biological factor:

like companion crops,

competition for light, soil


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1) Mechanical factor:

A) seed size & weight:

heavy & bold seeds producevigorous seedling.

application of fertilizer to bold seedtends to encourage the seedlingsthan the seedling from small seeds.

B) Depth of sowing :

optimum depth of sowing rangesfrom 2.5-3 cm.


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Depth of sowing depends on seedsize & availability of soil moisture.

Deeper sowing delays fieldemergence & thus delays cropduration.

Deeper sowing sometimes ensures

crop ssurvival under adverseweather & soil conditions mostly indry lands.

C) emergence habit:


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D) seed bed :

soil texture should minimize crust

formation & maximize aeration whichin turn influence the gages,temperature & water content of thesoil .

very fine soil may not maintainadequate temparature & waterholding capacity.


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E) seeds-soil contact:

seeds require close contactwith soil particles to ensure thatwater can be absorbed readily.

forming the soil around the seed(broadcast seeds) after sowing

improves the soil-edd contact.

D)Seed bed fertility:

tillering crop like rice, ragi,bajra

etc.should be sown thinly on fertile


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Similarly high seed rate are used onpoor soil for non tillering crops.

although jigher the seed rategreater he yeild under conditions oflow soil fertility, in some cases suchas cotton, a lower seed rate gives

better result than a higher seed rate.

G)soil moisture:

excess moisture in soil reetards


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Adjustment in depth is madeaccording to moistureconditons,i.e.,deeper sowing on drysoils & shallow sowing on wet soils.

Sowing on riges is usuallyrecommended on poorly drained soil.


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B) competition of ligh:

in mixed stands, optimum

spacing for each crop minimizes thecompetition of light.

C) Soil micro organisms:

the micro organisms presenting inthe soil should favour seedgermination & should not


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Sowing in practice

Pretreatment of seed and soilbefore sowing:

Tropical fruit such asavocado alsobenefit from special seedtreatments (specificly invented for thatparticular tropical fruit)

Before sowing, certain seeds firstrequire a treatment prior to the sowingprocess. This treatment may beseed scarification, stratification,

seed soaking orseed cleaning with cold
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_scarificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_soakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_soakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_scarificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado


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Seed soaking is generally done byplacing seeds in medium hot waterfor at least 24 to up to 48hours Seed cleaning is doneespecially with fruit (as the flesh ofthe fruit around the seed can quickly

become prone to attack from insectsor plagues.

] To clean the seed, usuallyseed rubbings with cloth/paper is
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_rubbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_rubbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cleaning


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Seed washing is generally done bysubmerging cleansed seeds 20minutes in 50 degree Celsius water .

This (rather hot than moderatelyhot) water kills any organisms thatmay have survived on the skin of the

seed. Especially with easily infected

tropical fruit such as lychees and

rambutans, seed washing with high
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycheehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychee


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In addition to the mentioned seedpretreatments, seed germination isalso assisted when disease-free soil

is used. Especially when trying to germinate

difficult seed (e.g. certain tropicalfruit), prior treatment of the soil

(along with the usage of the mostsuitable soil; e.g. potting soil,prepared soil or othersubstrates) isvital.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_germinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potting_soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potting_soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_germination


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Depending on the necessity,pasteurisation is to be preferred asthis does not kill all organisms.

Sterilisation can be done when tryingto grow truly difficult crops.

To pasteurise the soil, the soil is

heated for 15 minutes in an oven of120 C.


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Plants which are usually

sown Among the major field crops, oats,

wheat, and rye are sowed, grassesand legumes are seeded, and maize

and soybeans are planted.

In planting, wider rows (generally 75cm (30 in) or more) are used, and

the intent is to have precise, evenspacing between individual seeds inthe row; various mechanisms havebeen devised to count out individual
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat


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Sowing depth:

In seeding, little if any soil isplaced over the seeds.

More precisely, seeds can begenerally sown into the soil bymaintaining a planting depth of

about 2-3 times the size of the seed.


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Sowing types and

patterns For hand sowing, several sowing

types exist; these include [7]:

Flat sowing

Ridge sowing

Wide bed sowing

Several patterns for sowing may beused together with these types;these include:

Regular rows
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flat_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridge_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wide_bed_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wide_bed_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridge_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flat_sowing&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_cleaning


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Rows that are indented at the evenrows (so that the seeds are placed ina crossed pattern). This method is

much better, as more light may fallon the seedlings as they come out.


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Types of sowing

Hand sowing:

Hand sowing is the process ofcasting handfuls of seed over

prepared ground: broadcasting.Usually, a drag or harrow is employedto incorporate the seed into the soil.

Though labor intensive for any butsmall areas, this method is still usedin some situations.

Practice is required to sow evenly and

at the desired rate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_(tool)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_(tool)


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A hand seeder can be used forsowing, though it is less of a helpthan it is for the smaller seeds of

grasses and legumes.

Hand sowing may be combined withpre-sowing in seed trays. This allows

the plants to come to strengthindoors during cold periods (egspring in temperate countries).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_trayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_trayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae


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In agriculture, most seed is nowsown using a seed drill, which offersgreater precision; seed is sown

evenly and at the desired rate.

The drill also places the seed at ameasured distance below the soil, so

that less seed is required. The standard design uses a fluted

feed metering system, which is

volumetric in nature; individual
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_drillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_drillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture


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Rows are typically about 10-30 cmapart, depending on the crop speciesand growing conditions.

Several row opener types are useddepending on soil type and localtradition. Grain drills are most often

drawn by tractors, but can also bepulled by horses.

Pickup trucks are sometimes used,

since little draft is required.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_(agriculture)


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Open field

Open-field refers to the form ofsowing used historically in theagricultural context whereby fields

are prepared generically and leftopen, as the name suggests, beforebeing sown directly with seed.

The seed is frequently left uncoveredat the surface of the soil beforegerminating and therefore exposedto the prevailing climate and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(agriculture)


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This is in contrast to theseedbedmethod used more commonly indomestic gardening or more specific

(modern) agricultural scenarioswhere the seed is applied beneaththe soil surface and monitored and

manually tended frequently toensure more successful growth ratesand better yields.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedbedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedbed


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Plant nursery

nursery is a place where plants arepropagated and grown to usablesize.

There are retail nurseries which sellto the general public, wholesalenurseries which sell only to other

nurseries and to commerciallandscape gardeners, and privatenurseries which supply the needs ofinstitutions or private estates.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_gardenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_gardenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant


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Types of plants

Nurseries grow annuals, perennials,and woody plants (trees and shrubs).

These have a variety of uses:decorative plants forflower gardening and landscaping,garden vegetable plants, and

agricultural plants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_gardeninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant


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Some nurseries specialize in onephase of the process: propagation,growing out, or retail sale; or in one

type of plant:

groundcovers, shade plants,fruit trees, or rock garden plants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundcoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundcover


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Methods

Nurseries often grow plants in agreenhouse, a building of glass or inplastic tunnels, designed to protect

young plants from harsh weather(especially frost), while allowingaccess to light and ventilation.

Modern greenhouses allowautomated control of temperature,ventilation and light and semi-automated watering and feeding.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse


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Some also have fold-back roofs to allow"hardening-off" of plants without theneed for manual transfer to outdoorbeds.

Most nurseries remain highly labour-intensive. Although some processeshave been mechanised and automated,others have not. It remains highly

unlikely that all plants treated in thesame way at the same time will arriveat the same condition together, so plantcare requires observation, judgementand manual dexterity; selection for sale

requires comparison and judgement.


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Business is highly seasonal,concentrated in spring and autumn.

There is no guarantee that there willbe demand for the product - this willbe affected by temperature, drought,cheaper foreign competition, fashion,

etc. A nursery carries these risks and

fluctuations.


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Annuals are sold in trays (undividedcontainers with multiple plants), flats(trays with built-in cells), peat pots,

or plastic pots.

Perennials and woody plants aresold either in pots, bare-root or

balled and burlaped and in a varietyof sizes, from liners to mature trees.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lining_plants&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lining_plants&action=edit&redlink=1


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Balled and Burlap trees are dug eitherby hand or by a loader that has a treespade attachment on the front of the

machine. Although container grown woody plants

are becoming more and more populardue to the versatility. B & B is still

widely used throughout the industry. Plants may be propagated by seeds,

but often desirable cultivars arepropagated asexually by budding,

grafting, layering, or other nursery
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed


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dushyant agronomy final

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