selenium kartiko final

7/22/2019 Selenium Kartiko Final

1/12

REVIEW UNSUR

SELENIUMTugas Mata Kuliah Kimia Unsur

Kartiko Nugroho (M0312034)KIMIA

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET

SURAKARTA 2014


2/12

TUGAS REVIEW UNSURKartiko Nugroho / M0312034

1

~SELENIUM Se)~( Yunani selene berarti "Bulan") ditemukan padaSelenium

tahun 1817 oleh Jns Jakob Berzelius dan Johan Gottlieb Gahn . Keduaahli kimia yang dimiliki pabrik kimia di dekat Gripsholm , Swedia

memproduksiasam sulfat dengan proses bilik timbal.Pada tahun 1873,

Willoughby Smith menemukan bahwa tahanan listrik dari selenium

abu-abu tergantung pada cahaya ambient. Hal ini menyebabkan

selenium digunakan sebagai sel untuk cahaya penginderaan. Produk

komersial pertama menggunakan selenium dikembangkan oleh Werner Siemens pada

pertengahan 1870-an. Sel selenium digunakan dalam photophone dikembangkan oleh

Alexander Graham Bellpada tahun 1879.

Selenium mentransmisikan arus listrik

sebanding dengan jumlah cahaya yang jatuh

pada permukaannya. Fenomena ini digunakan

dalam desain meter cahaya dan perangkat

sejenis. Sifat semikonduktor Selenium

menemukan berbagai aplikasi lain dalam

elektronik. Perkembangan rectifier selenium

dimulai pada awal 1930-an, dan ini diganti

tembaga oksida rectifier karena efisiensi unggul mereka. Ini berlangsung dalam aplikasi

komersial hingga tahun 1970-an, berikut yang mereka diganti dengan yang lebih murah

dan lebih efisien yaitu penyearah silikon . Pada tahun 1954, petunjuk pertama fungsi

biologis spesifik selenium ditemukan pada mikroorganisme . Esensialitas selenium untuk

kehidupan mamalia ditemukan pada tahun 1957.

Selenium terjadi secara alami dalam sejumlah bentuk anorganik, termasukselenide,

selenate,danseleniteyang mengandung mineral, namun mineral ini jarang terjadi. Mineral

umum selenite bukan mineral selenium, dan tidak mengandung ion selenite , tetapi lebihmerupakan jenis gipsum (kalsium sulfat hidrat) bernama seperti selenium untuk bulan

jauh sebelum penemuan selenium. Selenium yang paling sering ditemukan cukup

impurely, menggantikan sebagian kecil dari sulfur dalam bijih sulfida banyak logam.

Dalam sistem kehidupan, selenium ditemukan dalam asam amino selenomethionine ,

selenocysteine , danmethylselenocysteine. Dalam senyawa ini, selenium memainkan peran

analog dengan sulfur. Lain alamisenyawa organoselenium adalah dimetil selenide.

JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS
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2

Di dalam tanah, selenium paling sering terjadi dalam bentuk larut seperti selenate

(analog dengan sulfat), yang mengalir ke sungai dengan limpasan sangat mudah. Air laut

mengandung sejumlah besar selenium. Sumber antropogenik selenium termasuk

pembakaran batu bara dan pertambangan dan peleburan bijih sulfida.

1. STRUCTUREi. Atomic Structure

Secara struktural Selenium

dengan elektron sejumlah 34

memiliki konfigurasiground-state

[Ar] 3d104s24p4. Dengan rincianpada:1st Energy Level:2 e

-

2nd

Energy Level:8 e-

3rd

Energy Level:18 e-

4th

Energy Level:6 e-

ii. Crystal Structure

Selenium ada dalam beberapa bentuk allotropic. Bentuk yang paling stabil

selenium ialah kristal heksagonal, abu-abu metalik. Kristal selenium monoklinik

berwarna merah tua. Selenium amorf merah dalam bentuk bubuk dan hitam

dalam bentuk vitreous.

Gray kristal 'logam' selenium menghasilkan listrik lebih baik dalam cahaya

daripada dalam gelap (fotokonduktif) dan dapat mengkonversi cahaya langsung

menjadi listrik (fotovoltaik). Dalam cara yang sama sepertisulfur bentuk sulfida,sulfat, dan sulfida, selenium bergabung dengan logam dan oksigen untuk
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dselenium%2Belement%2Babout%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DzsQ%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26channel%3Dsb%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D642&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://www.chemicool.com/elements/sulfur.html&usg=ALkJrhh_85ekVyaK9jeAL4Gs_YqixNtKCQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dselenium%2Belement%2Babout%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DzsQ%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26channel%3Dsb%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D642&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://www.chemicool.com/elements/oxygen.html&usg=ALkJrhjm_Lid8zUa4pA5FZ0vZZMWJDnA2Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dselenium%2Belement%2Babout%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DzsQ%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26channel%3Dsb%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D642&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://www.chemicool.com/elements/oxygen.html&usg=ALkJrhjm_Lid8zUa4pA5FZ0vZZMWJDnA2Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dselenium%2Belement%2Babout%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DzsQ%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26channel%3Dsb%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D642&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://www.chemicool.com/elements/sulfur.html&usg=ALkJrhh_85ekVyaK9jeAL4Gs_YqixNtKCQ


4/12


3

membentuk selenides, (seperti seng selanide, ZnSe), selenates, (seperti kalsium

selenate, CaSeO 4),dan selenites(seperti selenite perak, Ag 2SEO).

2. PROPERTIESSifat Umum

Nama,simbol ,

nomor

selenium, Se, 34

Pengucapan /s l i n i m/

SI-LEE-NEE-M

Kategori Elemen nonlogam poliatomikkadang-kadang dianggap

sebagaimetalloid

Kelompok ,

periode ,blok

16 (chalcogens) ,4 ,p

Berat atom

standar

78,971 (8)

Konfigurasi

elektron

[Ar ] 3d10

4s24p

4

2, 8, 18, 6

Sifat fisik

Fase padat

Density (dekatrt ) (Abu-abu) 4,81 gcm-

Density (dekatrt ) (Alpha) 4,39 g cm-

Density (dekatrt ) (Vitreous) 4,28 gcm-3

Liquiddensity di

mp

3,99 g cm-3

Titik lebur 494K , 221 C,430 F

Titik didih 958 K, 685 C, 1265 F

Titik kritis 1766 K, 27,2 MPaPanas fusi (Abu-abu) 6.69kJ mol

-1

Panas penguapan 95,48 kJ mol-1

Kapasitas panas

molar

25,363 J mol-

-

Tekanan uap

P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k

di T (K) 500 552 617 704 813 958

Sifat atom

Oksidasi 6, 4, 2,1,[1]

-2

(Sangatasam oksida)

Elektronegativitas 2.55 (skala Pauling)

Energi ionisasi 1st: 941,0 kJ mol-1

2nd: 2045 kJ mol-1

3rd: 2973,7 kJ mol-1

Jari-jari atom 120pm

Kovalen radius 120 16:00

Van der Waals

radius

190 pm

Miscellanea

Struktur kristal bersegi enam

Magnetic

pemesanan

diamagnetic

Konduktivitas

termal

(Amorf) 0.519 W m-

K-

Ekspansi termal (25 C) (amorf) 37 pM m-1

K-1

Kecepatan suara

(batang tipis)

(20 C) 3350 m s-1

Modulus Young 10 GPa

Modulus geser 3,7 GPa

Modulus bulk 8.3 GPa

Rasio Poisson 0.33

Mohs kekerasan 2.0

Brinell kekerasan 736 MPa

Tanda Daftar

CAS

7782-49-2

Sejarah

Penamaan setelahSelene , dewi Yunani

bulan

Penemuan Jns Jakob Berzelius danJohann

Gottlieb Gahn (1817)

Isolasi Pertama Jns Jakob Berzelius dan Johann

Gottlieb Gahn (1817)

3. ISOTOPEsSelenium memiliki 24 isotop yang diketahui half-lifenya, dengan nomor massa

67-91. Selenium memiliki enam isotop alami , lima di antaranya adalah stabil:74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, dan 80Se. Tiga terakhir juga terjadi sebagai produk reaksi fisi

, bersama dengan 79Se , yang memiliki waktu paruh 327.000 tahun. Isotop alami

terakhir, 82Se, memiliki waktu paruh yang sangat panjang (~ 10-20 th, meluruh

melalui peluruhan beta ganda untuk 82Kr ), yang, untuk tujuan praktis, dapat
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dianggap stabil. Persentase yang ditunjukkan: 74 Se (0,9%), 76 Se (9,4%), 77 Se

(7,6%), 78 Se (23,8%), 80 Se (49.7 %) dan 82 Se (8,7%).

4. ABUNDANCEsKelimpahan di Kerak Bumi : 50 ppb by weight

Kelimpahan di Lautan : 0.45 ppb by weight

Kelimpahan di Semesta : 30 ppb by weight

Kelimpahan dalam tubuh manusia : 50 ppb by weight

Biaya, murni: $ 61 per 100g

Biaya, massal: $ 5,30 per 100gSumber: Selenium kadang terjadi bebas di alam, tetapi lebih sering terjadisebagai selenides dari besi , timbal , perak , atau tembaga . Secara komersial,

selenium diperoleh terutama dari limbah lumpur anoda yang dihasilkan dalam

pemurnian elektrolit tembaga. Kacang Brazil adalah sumber makanan terkaya

yang diketahui dari selenium.

5. USEsElektrolisis ManganeseSelama penambahan selenium dioksida pada elektro mangan

mengurangi daya yang diperlukan untuk mengoperasikan sel elektrolisis

. China adalah konsumen terbesar dari selenium dioksida untuk tujuan

ini. Untuk setiap ton mangan rata-rata 2 kg selenium oksida digunakan.

Produksi kacaPenggunaan komersial terbesar Se, terhitung sekitar 50% dari konsumsi,

adalah untuk produksi kaca. Senyawa se memberi warna merah untukkaca. Warna ini mencegahkan keluarnya tinta hijau atau kuning yang

muncul dari kotoran besi yang khas untuk sebagian besar kaca. Untuk

tujuan ini berbagai selenite dan selenate garam ditambahkan. Untuk

aplikasi lain, warna merah mungkin diinginkan, di mana campuran

kasus CdSe dan CdS ditambahkan.

PaduanSelenium digunakan dengan bismut di kuningan untuk menggantikantimbal yang lebih beracun. Peraturan timbal dalam air minum aplikasi


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dengan Safe Drinking Water Act tahun 1974 membuat pengurangan

timbal dalam kuningan yang diperlukan. Kuningan baru dipasarkan di

bawah nama EnviroBrass. Seperti timah dan belerang, selenium

meningkatkan machinability baja pada konsentrasi sekitar 0,15%.Peningkatan yang sama juga diamati pada paduan tembaga dan selenium

karena itu adalah juga digunakan dalam paduan tembaga machinable.

Sel suryaTembaga indium gallium selenideadalah bahan yang digunakan dalam

produksi sel surya. Selenium digunakan dalam sel surya dan fotosel -

bahkan sel surya pertama dibuat menggunakan selenium. Hal ini juga

digunakan sebagai toner fotografi.

Kegunaan laino Sejumlah kecil senyawa organoselenium digunakan untuk

memodifikasi vulkanisasi katalis yang digunakan dalam produksi

karet.

o Permintaan untuk selenium oleh industri elektronik menurun,meskipun sejumlah aplikasi terus. Karena sifatnya fotovoltaik dan

fotokonduktif sifat, selenium digunakan dalam fotokopi ,photocells , cahaya meter dan sel surya . Penggunaannya sebagai

fotokonduktor dalam mesin fotokopi biasa-kertas dulu aplikasi

terkemuka tetapi pada tahun 1980, aplikasi fotokonduktor

menurun (meskipun itu masih pengguna akhir besar) karena

semakin banyak mesin fotokopi beralih ke penggunaan

photoconductors organik. Hal ini pernah banyak digunakan

dalam penyearah selenium . Menggunakan ini sebagian besar

telah digantikan oleh perangkat berbasis silikon atau sedangdalam proses digantikan. Pengecualian yang paling penting

adalah daya DC perlindungan surge , dimana kemampuan energi

yang unggul penekan selenium membuat mereka lebih

diinginkan daripada logam oksida varistor .

o Selenide seng adalah material pertama untuk biru LED tetapigalium nitrida mendominasi pasar sekarang. Kadmium selenide

baru-baru ini memainkan peran penting dalam pembuatan titik-

titik kuantum . Lembar selenium amorf mengkonversi x-ray


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gambar untuk pola biaya dalam xeroradiography dan solid-state,

layar datar kamera x-ray.

o Selenium merupakan katalis dalam beberapa reaksi kimia tetapitidak banyak digunakan karena masalah dengan toksisitas. Dalamkristalografi sinar-X , penggabungan satu atau lebih atom

selenium di tempat belerang membantu dengan Multi-panjang

gelombang dispersi anomali dan panjang gelombang tunggal

dispersi anomali pentahapan.

o Selenium digunakan dalam toning dari cetakan foto , dan itudijual sebagai toner oleh berbagai produsen fotografi.

Penggunaannya mengintensifkan dan memperluas jangkauan

tonal gambar fotografi hitam-putih dan meningkatkan permanencetakan.

o 75 Se digunakan sebagai sumber gamma dalam radiografiindustri.

o Selenium sulfida digunakan di shampoo anti-ketombe.o Meskipun toksisitas senyawanya, selenium juga merupakan

elemen esensial untuk manusia dan hewan lainnya. Tanpa itu,

enzim glutation peroksidase (GPX), yang melindungi terhadap

kerusakan oksidatif pada sel, tidak bisa berfungsi. Seleniumabnormal rendah dalam diet dapat meningkatkan risiko kanker.

Abnormal tingkat tinggi senyawa selenium dapat menyebabkan

keracunan selenium.

o Tanaman tampaknya tida

selenium kartiko final

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