psikologi kematian

7/23/2019 Psikologi Kematian

1/22


2/22

ZUZULML AE^ML SEAM@ZHBEAHM [ZH@IDINH [I[UDESBES[ZX

[elmlnnuln Omwmc

Ae`ml Fmùdtms [shìdinh Ulhvershtms Berju Cumlm

Seam`tur Mgdh

[rif. Ar. B. Elijg Bmrùb

Ar. M. M. Mlwmr [rmcu Bmlnùlenmrm, B.Zh.

[ebhbphl Seam`sh

Erlm Budtmgmam, B.Zh.

^m`hd [ebhbphl Seam`sh

Oulebml, Z.[sh., J.^.[.

Zeèrtmrhs

Bugmbbma Dutgfh, Qhm Zepthmlh

Celamgmrm

Mloms [urlm Xuagm

Ztmf Seam`sh

Behdhsgm Aomth Mrub, Ahm Myu Busth`m, @mrhlm JylthmAewh, Mloms [urlm Xuagm, Bmae Awh Jmgymlhlnrub,

Zhth Giahomg, Zhtmwmty Qohptirhlh, B.C.M., B.[sh.,

H`m Zusmlth, B.[sh.

Ahvhsh Shset

Bugmbbma Hfml Fmuzh, Behdhsgm Aomth Mrub, @mrhlm

Jylthm Aewh

Ahvhsh Aesmhl aml Qmtm Detm`

Gmrhs Zunmlagh Z.As

Ahvhsh Fitinrmfh

Ahml Mbmdhm Qmrbhzh

Ahvhsh H`dml, [ribish, aml [eloumdml

Bugmbbma Dutgfh, Mnus Budymlm, Ohddy Bmrny Guh

Diaerm, Qrh Gmrtmth, Xinm [rhi

Ahvhsh Jetm`, Ahstrhcush, aml Zhrùdmsh

Ahvhsh Gubms Ghbpulml Bmgmshswm Fmùdtms

[shìdinh Ulhvershtms Berju Cumlm

Ze`hdmsBer[sy?

Ber[sy, cer-HZZL 3;75-5176,

berupm`ml m`rilhb amrh Berju Cumlms

[syjgidiny, secumg bmomdmg pshìdinh

pipuder ymln ahtercht`ml ideg Fmùdtms

[shìdinh Ulhvershtms Berju Cumlm,Om`mrtm, ymln certuouml belymoh`ml

pebcerhtmml cesertm peln`mohml amdmb

èbmsml pipuder tergmamp ahlmbh`m

pshìdinhs èghaupml bmlushm Hlaileshm.

E`spdhshtmsh `mtm [syjgidinyamdmb

lmbm bmomdmg hlh belomah jirm` `gms

ymln cedub cmlym` ahtmwmr`ml ideg

ècmlym`ml bmomdmg ymln dmhl, ym`lh

pebm`lmml pshìdinhs tergmamp senmdm

perhsthwm èghaupml `htm. [ebcmjmymln hlnhl belnìltrhcush`ml tudhsml

irhshlmdlym, certmlym, beln`rhth`, aml

cerìlsudtmsh, ahpershdm`ml belnguculnh

Seam`sh Ber[sybedmduh libir tedepil/

fmx/mdmbmt surmt ede`trilh` secmnmhbmlm

terjmltub ah mtms.

Mdmbmt Seam`sh?

Fmùdtms [shìdinh, Ulhvershtms Berju Cumlm

@mbpus Belmrm Cgm`th

Od. Beruym Zedmtml, @ebcmlnml, Om`mrtm Cmrmt

A@H Om`mrtm

Ebmhd? ream`shKberpsy.jib

êc-=? gttp?//www.berpsy.jib

êc-3? gttp?//fpsh.berjucumlm.mj.ha

Qedp? (;3=) 571;7=6, (;3=) 578;:155

Fmx? (;3=) 576=8;6

Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=; =

SEAM@ZH


3/22

[elamgudumlBelnmpm bmlushm bebhdh`h ècu-

tugml ymln cesmr ultu` bermsm cmh`

(feed niia) teltmln ahrh bere`m9

Belnmpm bmlushm bebhdh`h aebh`hml

cmlym` persimdml (triucde) ultu`

bebhdh`h redmsh ymln cmh` aelnml irmln

ymln cerceam aelnml ahrh bere`m9

@eaum pertmlymml hlh berupm`ml

pertmlymml mwmd ymln ahmou`ml

peljetus Qeirh Bmlmoebel Qerir

(QBQ), ym`lh Oeff Nreelcern, Qib

[yszjzyls`h, aml Zgedail Zidibil

(=876). QBQ smlnmt ahpelnmrugh

ideg momrml aml peledhthml amrh

mltripidin ùdturmd Erlest Cejèr,

`gususlym nmnmsml Cejèr amdmb

cuùlym Qge Aelhmd if Aemtg. QBQ

ahèbcmln`ml pmam =87;-ml ideg

secumg thb prifesir ulhvershtms,

Zidibil, Nreelcern, [yszjzyls`h

ymln sebumlym berupm`ml mgdh-mgdh

pshìdinh sishmd e`sperhbeltmd. Dechg

amrh 35 tmgul, pmrm peledhth hlh aml pmrm

seomwmtlym tedmg belyedelnnmrm`ml

rmtusml e`sperhbel ah sedurug aulhm

ultu` belulou``ml cmgwm nmnmsml

Cejèr ampmt ahuoh, sertm cmgwm

QBQ ymln budm-budmlym pmam bmsm

hlsepsh teirh hlh belnmdmbh pelidm`ml,

sesulnnuglym berupm`ml teirh ymln

smlnmt cergmrnm sertm dmym` ahpedmomrh

(Fdhngt frib aemtg, 3;;5).

QBQ bebpertmlym`ml? Cmnmhbmlm

irmln cergmampml, belnedidm fm`tm

ymln belyermb`ml cmgwm irmln

m`ml bmth9 QBQ ymln ah`dmhb ideg

pelauùlnlym secmnmh teirh ymln

mpdh`mced dhltms cuamym aml dhltms

wm`tu bebhdh`h aum ìbpilel

utmbm nulm belomwmc pertmlymml

cmnmhbmlm bmlushm cerupmym

belnghlamr`ml ahrhlym mnmr ahrhlym

tham` ahìlsubsh ideg pebh`hrml

teltmln èbmthml, sertm cmnmhbmlm

bmlushm ceroumln beluou hbirtmdhtms.

@eaum piì` ph`hrml tersecut mamdmg,

pertmbm, cmgwm bmlushm gmrus

bebhdh`h èym`hlml (fmhtg) amdmb

pmlamlnml aulhm ùdturmd0 aml èaum,

bmlushm gmrus bedhlaulnh ahrhlym

aelnml permsmml m`ml lhdmh prhcmah/

gmrnm ahrh (vmdue-pritejtea/sedf-

esteeb) amdmb pmlamlnml aulhm

ùdturmd tersecut.

Qudhsml hlh certuouml ultu` beledmmg

sejmrm `rhths aml ìbpregelshf

sedurug pripishsh teirh bmlmoebel

terir. [ertmbm, tudhsml hlh m`ml beb-

cecer`ml persimdml dinhs amdmb teirh

bmlmoebel terir. Qudhsml hlh cermr-

nubel cmgwm secmnhml peloedmsml

QBQ bebhdh`h hlìgerelsh dinhs amdmb

perlymtmml-perlymtmmllym. Qudhsml hlh

belulou``ml pudm cmgwm secmnhml

perlymtmml teires QBQ sesulnnug-

lym cu`ml berupm`ml gmd cmru aml

ulh`, bedmhl`ml perlmg ahph`hr`ml

secedublym ideg teirhs ymln dmhl. Ze-

dmloutlym, cmnhml hlh ounm bebmpmr-

`ml cecermpm pricdeb betiaidinhs

aml redmsh mltmr vmrhmced ter`mht rhset

e`sperhbeltmd QBQ. Ahtulou``ml pudm

cmgwm terampmt jiltig-jiltig eb-

phrhs ymln ahgmshd`ml rhset shstebms

bmupul pelnmdmbml segmrh-gmrh ymln

sejmrm seaergmlm ìltrms aelnml

(aml ampmt ahnulm`ml secmnmh jiltig

ultu` bebmtmg`ml) `dmhb QBQ. [er-

simdml dinhs aml ebphrhs hlh ahdeln`mph

pudm aelnml `rh` amrh phgm` pshìdinh

evidushiler. Lmbul aebh`hml, cmnhml

hlh ounm belulou``ml reìnlhsh cmgwm

QBQ bebcerh`ml perspe`f e`shstel-

shmd èpmam QBQ0 QBQ tedmg bebcerh-

`ml secumg lumlsm ilseptumd ymln

secedublym buln`hl ahmcmh`ml ideg

pshìdinh sishmd.

[mam cmnhml èaum, tudhsml hlh ounm

belulou``ml cmgwm QBQ berupm-

`ml secumg teirh ymln bebhdh`h mb-

chsh belomah secumg pmrmahnbm cesmr

(nrmla pmrmahnb) amdmb pshìdinh,

ymln belnmlauln bumtml reau`shi-

lhs`. Qudhsml hlh bedmù`ml peledu-

surml tergmamp seoubdmg dhtermtur è-

dsmfmtml aml pshìdinh (mltmrm dmhl,

Jmbus, @herènmmra, Freua, Lhetzsjge,

@ugl, Omli-Cudbml, add), aml smbpmh

pmam secumg ghpiteshs cmgwm teram-

pmt vmrhmced dmhl ymln dechg belamsmr

aml ècermammllym cecms/hlaepel-

ael amrh èjebmsml m`ml èbmml.

Mpmchdm ghpiteshs hlh ahterhbm, bm`m

perlymtmml hlh berupm`ml gmd ymln

fmtmd tergmamp rmln`mhml reau`sh QBQ.

@elam aebh`hml, pmam cmnhml ènm,

tudhsml hlh ounm bebcerh`ml mpreshmsh

tergmamp perèbcmlnml peromdmlml

rhset butm`ghr teirh bmlmoebel terir,`gususlym amdmb beledmmg aibmhl-

aibmhl trmahshilmd pelyedhah`ml psh-

ìdinh sishmd (stereip, guculnml ri-

bmls, asc). Cmnhml hlh beluou``ml

pudm cmnmhbmlm ebuln`hlml-èbul-

n`hlml QBQ bebperideg cmshs amrh

stuah-stuah leurismhls sishmd. Lmbul

aebh`hml, tudhsml hlh ounm bedmù`ml

`mohml `rhs amdmb gmd redmsh mltmrm

bmlmoebel terir aml `remvhtms. Gmd

hlh cermln`mt amrh èlymtmml cmgwm

bmlushm am` sedmdu sejmrm aefelshf

belyebculyh`ml ahrh ah cmdh` sedhbut

èmbmlml ùdturmd ymln rhnha. Qudhsml

hlh belulou``ml ìlahsh-ìlahsh re-

spils `remf (tergmamp èjebmsml

e`shstelshmd) ymln cmnmhbmlm`mg ymln

am` belhbcud`ml permsmml cersm-

dmg tergmamp aulhm ùdturmd sesei-

rmln (ymln sebeslym belurut QBQ

gmrus ahtenug`ml). Qudhsml hlh ounm

belulou``ml èbuln`hlml irmln

ampmt bebedu` ahvershtms perspe`f

ymln ahtmwmr`ml aulhm, am` gmlym

smtu pmlamlnml aulhm ùdturmd. [mam

hllym, pitelsh mrmg-mrmg rhset QBQ

Qhlomuml @rhths @ibpregelshftergmamp

Qeirh Bmlmoebel QerirOulebml

ZMHLZ [ZH@IDINH ZMHLZ [ZH@IDINH

Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=; Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=;=:6 =:>


4/22

ahuln`mp`ml. Zedmloutlym, amdmb cm-

nhml hlh, ahpmpmr`ml peloedmsml QBQ

amdmb gmd preferelsh mrs`, pidh`,

aml pelnmbchdml èputusml guùb.

[mam cmnhml m`ghr, tudhsml hlh bebce-

rh`ml nm pihl pelln ymln berupm-

`ml shsh pishf QBQ sertm tmltmlnml

QBQ è aepml amdmb gmd dmls`mp per-

tmgmlml pshìdinhs amdmb bedmwmlìlsel birtmdhtms.

Amdmb bebcmjm tudhsml hlh, te`s-

te`s ymln ahtecmd`ml berupm`ml

gmd-gmd ymln ahte`ml`ml `mrelm

ahmlnnmp secmnmh pihl pelthln amdmb

bebmgmbh èsedurugml tudhsml.

Qham` dupm, tudhsml hlh selmlthmsm

belomomr`ml `rhth` tergmamp QBQ

aelnml `dmhb QBQ, seghlnnm ampmt

ahdhgmt percmlahlnmllym sejmrm

dmlnsuln.

[ersimdml Dinhs aml EbphrhsBelurut [yszjzyls`h, Nreelcern, aml

Zidibil (=888), teirh bmlmoebel

terir (QBQ) belsymrmt`ml gmlym

smtu msubsh m prhirh ymln ahterhbm

ubub aml redmthf tham` ìltrivershmd?

cmgwm sejmrm `gusus, irnmlhsbe

ghaup ahirheltmsh`ml èpmam

preservmsh ahrh (pebedhgmrmml ghaup).

Aelnml belnmht`ml QBQ sejmrmdmlnsuln aelnml preservmsh ahrh,

bere`m lmbpm` belnm`mr`ml QBQ

pmam dmlamsml ymln tm` terniymg`ml.

Lmbul fm`tmlym, QBQ tham`

belnhùth sejmrm dmlnsuln msubsh

lilìltrivershmd tersecut sejmrm

termln-termlnml. Belnmpm9 Zecmc

`mdmu celmr, bm`m hbpdh`msh dmlnsuln

amrh msubsh cmgwm irnmlhsbe

ahirheltmsh`ml èpmam preservmsh

ahrh mamdmg cmgwm irnmlhsbe m`ml

cerperhdmù sejmrm lmturmd aelnml

jmrm-jmrm ymln belhln`mt`ml

èbuln`hlml bere`m certmgml ghaup

(survhvmd). Zmtu esudhtml dinhs aelnml

QBQ mamdmg cmgwm pmrm mgdh teirhlymcedub bebcumt secumg `msus ymln

ùmt (ricust) cmgwm prises-prises

bmlmoebel terir belhln`mt`ml

pedumln irnmlhsbe ultu` certmgml

ghaup.

QBQ tham` belnhùth sejmrm ìlshstel

pripishsh cmgwm bithf preservmsh

ahrh m`ml belyecmc`ml irnmlhsbe

bebhlhbmdhsmsh`ml pelaerhtmml (ymln

ahpersepsh`ml m`ml mljmbml) èpmam

survhvmd. Fm`tmlym, be`mlhsbe

bmlmoebel terir ymln belnurmlnh

ìlsel irnmlhsbe teltmln èbmthml

oustru belurul`ml vhmchdhtms survhvmd

omln`m pmlomln. Belnmpm9 Belurut

ècmlym`ml pebh`hr/mgdh (bhsmdlym,

Frhoam, =876), pelhln`mtml telaelsh

belnmdmbh èjebmsml (ounm

ebish-ebish ymln dmhl ah smbphln

èjebmsml) oustru ahperdu`ml

cu`ml perdu ultu` ahream`ml/

ahùrmlnh (secmnmhbmlm dmhb QBQ)

`mrelm èjebmsml tersecutdmg

ymln bebpribish`ml survhvmd.

Ultu` seah`ht belyeaergmlm`ml,

èjebmsml bebpribish`ml wedd-

cehln irnmlhsbe `mrelm èjebmsml

beljenmg perhdmù irnmlhsbe ymln

cerhshì mnmr tham` teromah0 èjebmsml

ounm jelaeruln belngelth`ml

perhdmù ymln cerèdmloutml nulm

bebuln`hl`ml peberh`smml udmln

(re-msesbel) pitelsh cmgmym perhdmù

amdmb secumg shtumsh (Frhoam, =876).

Aelnml aebh`hml, irnmlhsbe ymln

bebhdh`h secumg shsteb ymln sejmrm

i t i b m t h s belnurmlnh/bereau`sh

ìlsel birtmdhtms (secmnmhbmlm

ahlymtm`ml QBQ) secedub ìlsel

birtmdhtms tersecut beljmpmh

pelnetmguml smamr oustru m`ml

cercmgmym ultu` survhvmd,ideg mrelm

cerperhdmù aebh`hml m`ml berusm`/

berunh`ml wedd-cehlnirnmlhsbe.

@dmhb [yszjzyls`h, a``. cmgwm mam

sumtu bithf pshìdinhs fulambeltmd

ymln cer-evidush `mrelm bithf

tersecut bebfmshdhtmsh survhvmd

aml repriau`sh berupm`ml secumg

prebhs QBQ ymln pelthln (dhgmt

Cmrìw, Jisbhaes, & Qiccy,

=883). Lmbul aebh`hml, mpmchdm

secedublym `htm sepm`mt cmgwm

`mpmshtms èjebmsml belhln`mt`ml

èseomgtermml aml ècerdmlnsulnml

ghaup, gmd ymln sudht ahbelnerth

mamdmg prises cmnmhbmlm bmlushm

belnebcmln`ml secumg be`mlhsbe

ymln belymlnnm (cufferhln) bere`m

bedmwml permsmml jebms tersecut.Zejmrm speshfh`, `htm ampmt certmlym?

prises evidushiler mpm`mg ymln m`ml

belyecmc`ml irmln belomah ùrmln

tmùt m`ml èbmthml èthbcmln ymln

segmruslym9 Be`mlhsbe sebmjmb

htu, ymln ah`dmhb ideg QBQ aelnml

bmlmoebel terir-lym, lmbpm`lym

oustru belurul`ml pedumln survhvmd

irnmlhsbe.

QBQ belnmlthshpmsh ècermtml

tersecut. Belurut [yszjzyls`h,

a``., pelnetmguml belnelmh tm`

terghlamr`mllym èbmthml tedmg

belhbcud`ml pitelsh terir ymln

bedubpug`ml, ymln bebcumt perhdmùtermrmg-tuouml ymln cerèdmloutml

belomah bustmghd. Lmbul, pmam

cmshs mpm`mg `htm belnmsubsh`ml

cmgwm terir e`shstelshmd m`ml

cershfmt bedubpug`ml (pmrmdyzhln)9

Cetmpmpul, cmg`ml irmln ymln

ahgmamp`ml aelnml èbmthml

serhln`mdh bedhcmt`ml ahrh amdmb

thlam`ml-thlam`ml fhlmd ymln

cerbm`lm, mpmpul terir ymln


Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=; Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=;=:7 =:8


5/22

bere`m mdmbh. Irmln cmg`ml ampmt

cermrnubel cmgwm, èthbcmln

belngmshd`ml èdubpugml/pmrmdhshs

perhdmù, èsmamrml belnelmh

èbuln`hlml èbmthml oustru

belhbcud`ml perhdmù termrmg-

tuouml ymln bereau`sh pricmchdhtms

èbmthml. Shln`mslym, QBQ nmnmd

belulou``ml cmnmhbmlm`mg prises-

prises bmlmoebel terir buljud amrh

preservmsh ahrh mtmu belhln`mt`ml

survhvmd irnmlhsbe. Zedmloutlym,

mpmchdm prises-prises bmlmoebelterir tham` belhln`mt`ml survhvmd,

mpm`mg ymln ahèrom`ml ideg (aml

amrh bmlm msmdlym) prises-prises

bmlmoebel terir tersecut9

@esudhtml hlh buljud amdmb QBQ mrelm

[yszjzyls`h, a``. tham` sedmdu oedms

bebceam`ml mltmrm pelnghlamrml

tergmampèbmthmlaml pelnghlamrml

tergmamp ètmùtml m`ml èbmthml.

Belymtm`ml cmgwm irnmlhsbe

ahbithvmsh`ml ultu` belnghlamrh

èbmthml tham` belnhbpdh`msh`ml

cmgwm bere`m ahbithvmsh`ml

ultu` belnghlamrh terir ymln

cermsishmsh aelnml èbmthml.Lmbul aebh`hml, [yszjzyls`h,

a``. lmbpm`lym belnmsubsh`ml

cmgwm ècermamml bithf survhvmd

juùp ultu` belnhlah`msh`ml

cmgwm irnmlhsbe jebms m`ml

èbmthml aml ounm ahbithvmsh`ml

ultu` belnghlamrh èjebmsml htu.

Buln`hl`mg cmgwm oustru irmln

ahbithvmsh`ml sejmrm m`tumd ultu`

belhln`mt`ml èmbmlml (smfety)

aml ècerdmlnsulnml ghaup (survhvmd)

èthbcmln gmlym beljicm ultu`

bebcumt ahrh bere`m bermsm mbml

(feed smfe), secmnmhbmlm ahlymtm`ml

ideg QBQ9

[yszjzyls`h, a``. beljicm certmgml

aelnml belnuln`mp fm`tm cmgwm

prhbmt lilgubml belulou``ml

bithf ultu` certmgml ghaup amdmb

èthmamml permsmml seomth m`ml ahrh

(true selse if sedf). Belurutlym, gmd

hlh belulou``ml cmgwm `mpmshtmsìnlhthf jmlnnhg tham`dmg eselshmd cmnh

pelneomrml hlsthlnthf m`ml èghaupml.

Gmd hlh ampmt ahsetuouh, lmbul tham`

sertm bertm ampmt ahym`hlh cmgwm

gmd hlh bebcerh`ml auùlnml cmnh

perspe`thf bmlmoebel terir. Ideg

`mrelm perceamml amdmb èbmbpuml

ìnlhthf, prhbmt lilgubml tham`

belmùth ebmthml smbm seperth ymln

ahrmsm`ml bmlushm. Cerph`hr teltmln

èbmthml belsymrmt`ml mamlym

`mpmchdhtms dhlnuhsth`, èbmbpuml

ultu` belniltebpdmsh`ml bmsm

aepml, aml permsmml shbcidh`

m`ml ahrh. Fm`tm cmgwm irnmlhsbe-

irnmlhsbe ymln dmhl lmbpm`lymbebhdh`h bithf survhvmd tham`dmg

belulou``ml mpm-mpm teltmln

mpm`mg bere`m belnmdmbh terir

e`shstelshmd èth`m ècerdmlnsulnml

ghaup bere`m termljmb. Aelnml

aebh`hml, tudhsml hlh cerpelampmt

cmgwm cerhshì ultu` belamsmr`ml

mlmdhshs terir e`shstelshmd ymln teromah

pmam bmlushm pmam e`strmpidmsh

ymln cermsmd amrh lilgubml.

Zmdmg smtu gmd ymln ampmt

ahpertmlym`ml mamdmg lhdmh mampthf

amrh pelnelamdhml èjebmsml m`ml

èbmthml (bhsmdlym, Demry, 3;;1). Gmd

hlh berupm`ml pihl pelthln `mrelm,

secmnmhbmlm ahsecut`ml ah mtms, oedms

cmgwm seoubdmg èjebmsml tergmamp

sesumtu ymln cershfmt belnmljmb

èghaupml berupm`ml sesumtu

ymln ahperdu`ml. Gmd hlh ahperdu`ml

ultu` bebfmshdhtmsh respils-respils

prite`thf aml mampthf. [mtut ahjmtmtcmgwm QBQ gmlym cmru-cmru hlh

smom belnmrmg`ml pergmthmllym

pmam ètmùtml ymln cershfmt smamr

(jilsjhius) m`ml èbmthml. Zejmrm

trmahshilmd, QBQ bmdmg dechg ìlsel

pmam rmbhfh`msh (rmln`mhml m`hcmt

ìbpde`s) pshìdinhs m`hcmt amrh

nebm pelnetmguml m`ml èbmthml

ymln tm` terghlamr`ml (lmbul ymln

tham` senerm teromah) ymln cershfmt

tm` smamr (uljilsjhius). Mddel (=8>5)

belymtm`ml, Cu`mllym smym tmùt

ultu` bmth. Zmym gmlym tham` hlnhl

cermam ah smlm èth`m htu (èbmthml)

teromah. Omah, QBQ secelmrlym

cerupmym ultu` beloedms`ml

cmnmhbmlm irmln sejmrm shbcidhs

beljicm ultu` belnghlamrh shtumsh

cermam ah smlm (cehln tgere) èth`m

èbmthml teromah.

[ertmlymml dmhllym mamdmg? Mpm`mg

efe` ymln termbmth amdmb rhset QBQ

(sejmrm ubub, fiùslym mamdmgpertmgmlml pmlamlnml aulhm/

wirdavhew aefelse) ahairiln ideg

gmd-gmd ymln berepreseltmsh`ml

èbmthml (seperth? ètham`pmsthml,

èthmamcermrthml (bemlhlndessless),

mtmu`mg ahairiln ideg èbmthml

htu selahrh9 @ebmthml suamg cmrmln

terteltu berupm`ml sthbudus budth-

fmset. @mrelmlym, pelthln ultu`

bebmgmbh ìlsel-ìlsel pshìdinhs

ymln cerceam-ceam ymln ampmt

ahprivi`msh ideg èbmthml. Lmbul,

mpm`mg èbmthml berupm`ml

secumg pricdeb `mrelm (bhsmdlym)

bebcmln`ht`ml ìlsel pshìdinhs

teltmln ètham`pmsthml, ìlsel

pshìdinhs tergmamp mljmbml

terputuslym guculnml sishmd aelnml

irmln dmhl9 Gmd hlh berupm`ml

pertmlymml ymln sudht, lmbul

pertmlymml hlh ampmt cmrmln`mdh ampmt

ahomwmc aelnml cecermpm suaut

pmlamln ymln cerceam.

[ertmbm, èbmthml ampmt ahdhgmt

secmnmh sebum gmd tersecut


Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=; Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=;=1; =1=


6/22

(ètham`pmsthml, ètham`cermrthml,

asc) aml bmshg cmlym` dmnh

(èbmthml mamdmg mljmbml ymln

tm` terghlamr`ml), ymln berupm`ml

cmnhml amrh mpm ymln ahpmlamln

sejmrm pshìdinhs ulh` aml `mrelmlym

sudht ahreau`sh èpmam smdmg smtu

gmd (ètham`pmsthml, mtmu`mg

ètham`cermrthml, mtmu`mg ymln dmhl).

@eaum, pelthln ultu` beljmtmt

cmgwm ìlahsh-ìlahsh ìltrid amdmb

e`sperhbel QBQ ounm juùp redevml

ultu` ahperthbcmln`ml. Aelnmlaebh`hml, bes`hpul terampmt seoubdmg

pelulou``ml efe`-efe` QBQ secmnmh

gmshd amrh ìltebpdmsh pmrthshpml

teltmln tiph`-tiph` mvershf dmhllym,

pelthln ultu` bebperthbcmln`ml

stuah-stuah ah bmlm pelnhlnmt teltmln

èbmthml aml tiph`-tiph` mdterlmthf

seoelhslym tedmg belyecmc`ml efe`-

efe` ymln cerceam.

@ethnm, smdhelsh birtmdhtms tedmg

ahbmlhpudmsh amdmb cercmnmh jmrm

(bhsmdlym, pertmlymml tercu`m

teltmln èbmthml, èae`mtml fhsh`/

pri`shbhtms aelnml peth bmth, aml

prhbhln èbmthml sejmrm sucdhbhlmd),seghlnnm bebcu`m pedumln mamlym

seoubdmg uùrml vmdhahtms ìlvernel.

@eebpmt, peledhthml tedmg beledmmg

cmnmhbmlm prises-prises bmlmoebel

terir cerguculnml aelnml seomug

bmlm irmln sejmrm tm` smamr

cerph`hr teltmln èbmthml (bmsmdmg

m`seshchdhtms pebh`hrml teltmln

èbmthml). Bes`hpul dechg cmlym`

cu`th peledhthml ymln ahperdu`ml,

lmbpm`lym terampmt cu`th-cu`th

ìlvernel ymln belnmrmg pmam perml

pelthln ìnlhsh ter`mht-èbmthml

amdmb bebpriau`sh efe`-efe` ymln

ahcmln`ht`ml ideg perdmùml smdhelsh

birtmdhtms.

Ah smbphln bebperthbcmln`ml

èsedurugml èùmtml ìlseptumd

aml èdumsml peloedmsml amrh mlmdhshs

ymln ahcerh`ml, pelthln pudm ultu`

bedmln`mg èdumr amrh pshìdinh sishmd

ebphrhs amlbebperthbcmln ml fm`tmmltripidinhs aml ghstirhs. @htm ampmt

belnmsubsh`ml cmgwm sebum ùdtur

bebhdh`h tebpmt-tebpmt vhtmd ah bmlm

rhtumd ter`mht èbmthml cerdmlnsuln

(Nidasjgbhat, =88;). [ertu`mrml

mdterlmthf aml `rhth` pshìdinh aelnml

mltripidinh aml seomrmg amdmb gmd hlh

mamdmg pelthln ultu` pertubcugml

shsteb teireths.

Zecelmrlym, QBQ tedmg juùp

cerèbcmln cer`mt hsu-hsu ymln

ahmln`mt ideg seoubdmg smromlm.

Zecmnmh jiltig, `rhth` ymln

cerudmln-udmln cerèlmml aelnml

hlìlshstelsh amrh QBQ cer`mhtmlaelnml perhdmù pelnmbchdml rhshì

(rhs`-tm`hln cegmvhir). Mpmchdm irmln

ahbithvmsh`ml ultu` belnghlamrh

èbmthml, dmdu cmnmhbmlm QBQ

beloedms`ml m`sh-m`sh cerhshì

amdmb gmd bmlm hlahvhau cerbmlom-

bmlom aelnml perhdmù ymln

ampmt belhbcud`ml èbmthml

bere`m9 @rhth` hlh bebcmwm pmam

pelnebcmlnml ghpiteshs-ghpiteshs

aml be`mlhsbe-be`mlhsbe

peloedmsml cmru (bhsmdlym,

cecermpm irmln belnnulm`ml

perhdmù cerhshì secmnmh mdmt ultu`

bebperthlnnh gmrnm ahrh/sedf-esteeb

elgmljebelt), ymln sedmloutlym

ahuoh amdmb rhset-rhset cerhùtlym

(bhsmdlym, perhdmù cerèlamrm ymln

cerhshì? Qmucbml Cel-Mrh, Fdirhml,

& Bhùdhljer, =888). Ah smbphln htu,

cmlym` amrh perspe`thf-perspe`thf

ymln cermnmb hlh bebcmwm pergmthml

pmampelnmùml m`ml pelthlnlymtebm-tebm e`shstelshmd dmhllym

(seperth, ètham`pmsthml? BjNrenir,

a``., 3;;=0 bm`lm? Gehle, a``., 3;;6)

amdmb gmd cmnmhbmlm irmln belomdmlh

èghaupml. Hlh berupm`ml wmrlm-

wmrlm ìlseptumd ymln secedublym

ahmcmh`ml, `mdmu cu`ml tham` mam,

ideg pmdet du`hs pshìdinh sishmd.

Cu`th ebphrhs? Mpm ymln ahtulou`ml

aml tham` ahtulou``ml ideg amtm

QBQ belymtm`ml cmgwm irmln

belymlnnm ejebmsml e`shstelshmdlym

aelnml aum ìbpilel ahsthlnthf? (=)

pmlamlnml aulhm ùdturmd (judturmd

wirdavhew)0 aml (3) permsmml m`ml

lhdmh prhcmah/gmrnm ahrh. Zecmnmhbmlm

ahtulou``ml ideg [yszjzyls`h, a``.,

tedmg terampmt cmlym` auùlnml amtm

cmnh cmlym` ghpiteshs ymln ahturul`ml

amrh QBQ. Lmbul aebh`hml, mpmchdm

rhset-rhset tersecut ahtedmmg sejmrm

se`smbm, cu`th-cu`th dechg ùmt

belauùln ìbpilel pertmbm

amrhpmam ìbpilel èaum.

Cmlym` ùbpudml pelnetmguml

(ciay if resemrjg) QBQ belauùln

nmnmsml cmgwm smdhelsh birtmdhtms

belyecmc`ml irmln belulou``ml

aelnml oedms auùlnml tergmamp

pmlamlnml ùdturmd. Zeoubdmg

stuah tedmg belulou``ml

cmgwm beliloid`ml birtmdhtms

belyecmc`ml irmln belnh`hs aml

belnguùb bere`m ymln bedmlnnmr

stmlamr-stmlamr ùdturmd, sertm

belngmahmgh bere`m ymln belomah

tedmaml. Hlh berupm`ml tebuml ymlnbebpesilm, `gususlym mpmchdm

efe` bmlmoebel terir hlh tham`

ahbeahmsh ideg sumsmlm gmth (biia).

QBQ buln`hl celmr amdmb `dmhblym

cmgwm rem`sh-rem`sh hlh berupm`ml

respils tergmamp èsmamrml teltmln

èbmthml sertm cmgwm belnerom`ml

gmd-gmd ymln belipmln pmlamlnml

aulhm seseirmln amdmb smtu aml

dmhl gmd belyecmc`ml belurullym

èresmgml m`ml birtmdhtms. Qeltu smom,

QBQ bebcerh`ml peloedmsml ymln

gebmt/efhshel (pmrshbilhius) amdmb

gmd hlh. Lmbul aebh`hml, tudhsml hlh

belnmlnnmp secmnmh dibpmtml

gecmt ultu` belyhbpud`ml cmgwmfelibelm dmhl ymln ahahsùsh`ml ideg

[yszjzyls`h, a``. (ym`lh, ìlshstelsh

ìnlhthf, èperjmymml m`ml aulhm

ymln mahd/CO^, preseltmsh ahrh, asc)

ounm berefde`sh`ml upmym ultu`

belnedidm terir e`shstelshmd. Oedms

cmgwm rhset-rhset ymln dechg cmlym`

dmnh ahcutug`ml ultu` belnuoh efe`-

efe` amrh smdhelsh birtmdhtms tergmamp

felibelm ymln dmhl htu.


Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=; Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=;=13 =1:


7/22

@dmhb èaum, cmgwm gmrnm ahrh

bebmhl`ml perml seltrmd amdmb

belymlnnm irmln bedmwml ètmùtml

ter`mht ejebmsml, cedub bebperideg

auùlnml ymln bebmamh. Belurut

QBQ, irmln belneomr gmrnm ahrh mrelm

gmrnm ahrh bebcerh`ml prite`sh/

perdhlaulnml amrh èjebmsml. Qerir

ymln ahmsishmsh`ml aelnml ghaupamdmb aulhm ymln cercmgmym aml tm`

terpreah`sh ahbhlhbmdhsmsh`ml èth`m

irmln belerhbm aml belnghauph

stmlamr-stmlamr lhdmh ùdturmd (ym`lh

cerperhdmù aelnml jmrm-jmrm ymln

bebedhgmrm mtmu belhln`mt`ml

gmrnm ahrh). Nulm belauùln mspe`

QBQ hlh, [yszjzyls`h, a``. belhlomu

peledhthml ymln belulou``ml cmgwm

gmrnm ahrh `mrelm èmamml (stmte sedf-

esteeb) aml gmrnm ahrh `mrelm shfmt

(trmht sedf-esteeb) cermsishmsh aelnml

èjebmsml ymln dechg relamg, tmlpm

peaudh mpm`mg èjebmsml cer`mhtml

aelnml èbmthml mtmu amrh subcer-

subcer ymln dmhl. Lmbul aebh`hml,

QBQ cu`mldmg teirh smtu-smtulym

ymln sejmrm ulh` bebpreah`sh sumtu

ìredmsh lenmthf mltmrm gmrnm ahrh amlèjebmsml. Cercmnmh pelae`mtml

ymln dmhl ounm beloedms`ml guculnml

hlh, bhsmdlym teirh efh`msh ahrh

(Cmlaurm, =8>>), teirh sishibeter

(Demry & Aiwls, =885), bes`hpul

tham` beruou` pmam èbmthml.

Dechg dmlout, redmsh mltmrm gmrnm ahrh

aml ètmùtml ter`mht èbmthml

tham`dmg seaebh`hml dmlnsuln/

strmhngtfirwmra secmnmhbmlm

ymln ahpreah`sh ideg teirh.

Ziwmras, Bilhz, aml Gmrrhs (=88=)

belebu`ml cmgwm tham` mam cu`th

ymln belauùln cmgwm irmln dechg

su`m belhln`mt`ml evmdumsh ahrh

bere`m setedmg belniltebpdmsh`ml

èbmthml ahrh bere`m. [elebuml

lhghd hlh tham`dmg gmrus ahpmlamln

cerìltrmah`sh aelnml nmnmsml cmgwm

gmrnm ahrh belymlnnm irmln bedmwml

èjebmsml e`shstelshmd, bes`hpul

tebuml hlh belulou``ml cmgwmirmlntham` gmrus berespils tergmamp

smdhelsh birtmdhtms aelnml upmym-

upmym ultu` belhln`mt`ml gmrnm

ahrh. Zecmdh`lym, Jgmuagmry, Nmrahler-

[mr`s, aml Gmss (=881) bebperideg

cu`th cmgwm belnhlau`sh smdhelsh

birtmdhtms belyecmc`ml pelhln`mtml

gmrnm ahrh, lmbul gmlym setedmg

sumtu wm`tu tulam ymln shln`mt.

Efe` senerm (hbbeahmte) amrh smdhelsh

birtmdhtms mamdmg gmrnm ahrh ymln

dechg relamg (diwer sedf-esteeb).

Lmbul aebh`hml, pmrthshpml amdmb

èdibpi` ìltrid, ymln tham` ahpmpmr

aelnml hlau`sh smdhelsh birtmdhtms,

belulou``ml perucmgml-perucmgml

gmrnm ahrh ymln tm` ampmt ahoedms`ml

(ulexpdmhlea) ymln bebcumt pidm

amtm sudht ahhlterpretmsh`ml. Dechg

dmlout, preah`sh QBQ bmshg cedub oedms

cmgwm smdhelsh birtmdhtms seyinhmlym

belyecmc`ml èomtugml mwmd amdmb

gmrnm ahrh secedub pelhln`mtml gmrnm

ahrh ymln cershfmt aefelshf cerdmlnsuln.

Demry, Zmdtzbml, aml Cealmrs`h

(=885) belebu`ml èsudhtml amdmb

belaete`sh redmsh mltmrm pebh`hrml

ter`mht èbmthml aelnml trmht sedf-

esteeb. Zecmnmh jiltig, QBQ

bebpreah`sh cmgwm irmln aelnml

gmrnm ahrh ymln thlnnh seyinhmlym m`ml

ùrmln ternmlnnu ideg pebh`hrml

teltmln èbmthml `mrelm permsmml

teltmln lhdmh prhcmah bere`m

belymlnnm bere`m bedmwml terir

e`shstelshmd. Lmbul aebh`hml, Demry,

Zmdtzbml, aml Cealmrs`h (=885)

belebu`ml cmgwm trmht sedf-esteebtham` cer`mhtml aelnml èjebmsml

ymln ahdmpir`ml ideg ahrh pmrthshpml

setedmg pmrthshpml beludhs`ml teltmln

èbmthml bere`m selahrh, bes`hpul

trmht sedf-esteeb cerìredmsh sejmrm

lenmthf ùmt aelnml èjebmsml

setedmg pmrthshpml beludhs teltmln

ìlahsh bere`m amdmb pelidm`ml

(cehln reoejtea).

Amdmb stuah ymln dmhl, Demry, a``.

(=885) beberh`sm redmsh mltmrm

trmht sedf-esteeb aml sìr pmam

s`mdm èjebmsml èbmthml stmlamr.

[eledhth belebu`ml cmgwm gmrnm

ahrh cerìredmsh aelnml fmset-fmsetterteltu amrh ètmùtml ter`mht

èbmthml, lmbul ceredmsh dechg ùmt

aelnml ètmùtml m`ml cergmampml

aelnmlsm`ht (pmhl)amlètham`pmsthml

(uljertmhlty) èthbcmln/amrhpmam

aelnml èthmamml (lil-e`shstelsh,

ymln ahpreah`sh`ml QBQ). [mamgmd

QBQ sejmrm e`spdhsht belymtm`ml

cmgwm irmln belmùth èbmthml

`mrelm mljmbml lile`shstelsh-


Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=; Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=;=11 =15


8/22

lym0 secmnmhbmlm ahlymtm`ml

ideg Zidibil, Nreelcern, mla

[yszjsylzs`h (=876), @mpmlpul `mbh

beruou` pmam terir amrh èbmthml,

`mbh tham` bebm`sua`mllym

sebmtm-bmtm secmnmh ètmùtml

m`ml èbmthml, bedmhl`ml èbmthml

secmnmh mllhghdmthil mcsidut (gdb.

86).

[yszjsylzs`h, a``., sejmrm serupm

belyhrmt`ml cmgwm terir

e`shstelshmd bebmljmr amrhètmùtml prhbhthf m`ml èbmthml

chidinhs (lile`shstelsh) amrhpmam

ètmùtml shbcidhs. Lmbul aebh`hml,

cerècmdh`ml aelnml htu, rhset

belulou``ml cmgwm irmln serhln`mdh

dechg ilsel tergmamp ètham`tmguml

(ul`liwl), perphsmgml amrh irmln-

irmln ymln ahjhltmh, aml pedm`lmtml

mcmah (eterlmd amblmthil)

èthbcmln belmùth cmgwm bere`m

sebmtm-bmtm tham` e`shs dmnh (Fehfed

& Lmny, =87=). Fm`tmlym, èth`m

ahcerh`ml secumg phdhgml mltmrm

ghaup sedmbmlym selahrh mtmu bmth

prebmtur aelnml ahèdhdhlnh ideg

irmln-irmln ymln ahjhltmh, Demry,a``. (=885) belebu`ml cmgwm

ècmlym`ml irmln bebhdhg bmth. Gmd

hlh belulou``ml cmgwm ètmùtml

m`ml èbmthml serhln`mdh bedhcmt`ml

gmd-gmd ymln dechg ìbpde`s, tham`

se`mamr è`gmwmthrml tham` e`shs dmnh.

@rhth` amrh phgm` pshìdinh evidushiler

[mrm pelauùln QBQ cermrnubel

cmgwm cmlym` fmset amrh èohoh`ml

m`ml èbmthml (aemtg ahsnust)

cerfulnsh ultu` bedhlaulnh irmln

amrh èjebmsml e`shstelshmd

ymln belnhrhlnh èsmamrml m`ml

birtmdhtms. Ideg `mrelm dhltmsml

wm`tu bebcmwm bmlushm dechg ae`mt

pmam èbmthml, QBQ bebpreah`sh

cmgwm hltelshtms èohoh`ml m`ml

èbmthml ymln ahthbcud`ml ideg

pelnhlnmtml m`ml èbmthml m`ml

belhln`mt sehrhln pertmbcmgml

ushm. Fessder aml Lmvmrrete (3;;5),

mgdh pshìdinh evidushiler, sèpthstergmamp gmd tersecut aml bedmù`ml

stuah cercmshs hlterlet aelnml

belnnulm`ml hlstrubel ymln ahcumt

ideg pmrm pelauùln QBQ. Gmshdlym

belulou``ml cmgwm ushm cerìredmsh

sejmrm lenmthf, cu`ml pishthf, aelnml

selshthvhtms èohoh`ml m`ml èbmthml0

secumg tebuml ymln ìltrmah`thf

aelnml preah`sh QBQ. Qebuml

hlh berupm`ml secumg pidm ymln

ìlshstel aelnml gmchtumsh mampthf

èthbcmln bmlmoebel terir. Gmshd

ymln smbm ounm ahperideg Fessder

aml Lmvmrrete aelnml belnnulm`ml

mabhlhstrmsh hlstrubel ah Jistm Shjm.

[eledhthml ah Jistm Shjm belulou``mlcmgwm, ìltrms aelnml preah`sh QBQ,

mtelsh tergmamp èbmthml seseirmln

tham` perdu belhln`mt`ml rem`sh

èohoh`ml tergmamp cmaml mtmu priau`

cmaml. @eùmtml evi`mthf amrh sthbudh

èbmthml sertm efe`-efe` lenmthf

amrh ushm tergmamp èohoh`ml m`ml

èbmthml mamdmg ìlshstel aelnml

mrnubel cmgwm èohoh`ml berupm`ml

secumg mamptmsh ymln bebithvmsh

pelnghlamrml m`ml pelym`ht

èthbcmln be`mlhsbe aefelshf

pshìahlmbhs tergmamp èbmthml

secmnmhbmlm ahpreah`sh`ml QBQ.

Ah smbphln htu, @rh`pmtrhj` aml

Lmvmrrete (3;;6) belenms`ml cmgwm

èrmln`m teireths QBQ tham`dmg

ìbpmthced aelnml perspe`thf

evidushiler biaerl. [mamgmd, QBQ

beln`dmhb cmgwm teirh hlh berupm`ml

teirh evidushiler ([yszjzyls`h,

Nreelcern, & Zidibil, =88>0

[yszjzyls`h et md., 3;;3). @hr`pmtrhj`

aml Lmvmrrete belulou``ml cmgwm,

chdm belnhùth perspe`thf evidushiler,

sede`sh mdmbhmg (lmturmd sedejthil)

tham` m`ml beljhptm`ml be`mlhsbe

bmlmoebel terir (shsteb reau`sh

èjebmsml) ultu` belnedidm ebish

ymln ahsecmc`ml èjebmsml m`ml

èbmthml (jrhppdhln ebithil). Zede`sh

lmturmd oustru belyede`sh/bebhdhg

irnmlhsbe-irnmlhsbe ymln pertmbm-

tmbm tham` belmbphd`ml ebish

sebmjmb htu, mrelm ebish sebmjmb

htu cershfmt bmdmampthf. Ze`mdhpul

pmrm pelauùln QBQ bebcmltmg

aelnml belnmtm`ml cmgwm shsteb

bmlmoebel terir bebhdh`h fulnsh

mampthf, bm`m belurut perspe`thf

evidushiler, tham` bmsu` m`md

(hbpdmushcde) cmgwm sidush ymln

rubht aml cedub teltu redhmced,

ym`lh aelnml bebpertmgml`ml

pmlamlnml aulhm ùdturmd ymln

cershfmt aefelshf, buljud. Belnmpm9

Ideg `mrelm cmlym` sidush-sidush dmhl

ymln dechg seaergmlm aml dechg mlamd

ymln suamg terseahm amrhpmam gmrus

belenug`ml pmlamlnml ùdturmdlym.

@egmbpmml Bm`lm Zecmnmh Gmdymln Dechg Fulambeltmdaml Hlaepelael amrh@ejebmsml m`ml @ebmthml?Mdterlmthf ceramsmr`ml[eledmmgml Fhdisifhs aml[shìdinhsQBQ cu`mldmg èrmln`m teireths

pertmbm ymln cerupmym ultu`

bereau`sh cmlym` whdmymg perhdmùbmlushm è smtu airilnml mtmu

ècutugml seltrmd PMbchsh QBQ ultu`

belomah secumg nrmla pmrmahnb

amdmb pshìdinhR.

Cmrrett (=857) bhsmdlym belymtm`ml

cmgwm Lhetzsjge perlmg belymtm`ml

mamlym cecermpm mspe` amrh pshè

bmlushm secmnmh mspe` ymln pmdhln

belamsmr, amym airiln terpelthln

cmnh sebum perhdmù bmlushm.

Lhetzsjge sebpmt belnuln`mp`ml

cmgwm èbmuml terùmt aml terthlnnh

ultu` ghaup tham`dmg terdetm` pmam

peroumlnml ultu` cermam (strunnde

ti exhst), bedmhl`ml pmam @mrsmultu` cerpermln (^hdd ti wmr). Gmd hlh

bhrhpaelnml QBQ amdmb gmd secmnmh

cerhùt? QBQ bebmlamln cmgwm

bmlushm ahairiln ideg @egelam`

ultu` Belnghlamrh @ejebmsml m`ml

@ebmthml, sebeltmrm Lhetzsjge

bedhgmt cmgwm ècutugml tercesmr

bmlushm mamdmg @mrsm ultu`

Cerùmsm (^hdd ti [iwer), ultu`

belm`du``ml aml belnelamdh`ml


Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=; Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=;=16 =1>


9/22

dhlnùlnml. [erceammllym mamdmg

cmgwm Lhetzsjge tham` cerupmym

ultu` bereau`sh sebum usmgm/

thln`mg dmù bmlushm èpmam @mrsm

ultu` Cerùmsm. Lhetzsjge tham`

beln`dmhb secumg rmltmh secmc-

m`hcmt (jmusmd jgmhl) aelnml bmlm

sebum ècutugml bmlushm gmrus

cersubcer amrh smtu smom ècutugml

ymln dechg cesmr.

Lhetzsjge cerceam aelnml Freua am-

dmb gmd hlh. Freua belymtm`ml cmg-wm sebumperhdmù bmlushm gmlymdmg

berupm`ml Eris ymln tersucdhbmsh.

Lhetzsjge cerceam pudm aelnml [yszj-

zyls`h, Zidibil aml Nreelcernpel-

jetus QBQymln belymtm`ml cmgwm

sebum perhdmù bmlushm berupm`ml

sucdhbmsh amrh ejebmsml tergmamp ph-

`hrml teltmln èbmmllym. Lhetzsjge

am` beln`dmhb cmgwm `mrsm ultu`

cermam (whdd ti exhst) sebmtm-bmtm

berupm`ml bmlhfestmsh/sucdhbmsh amrh

@mrsm ultu` Cerùmsm. Lhetzsjge gm-

lym beln`dmhb cmgwm mam smtu è-

cutugml ymln dechg ùmtamrhpmam se-

bum ecutugml ymln dmhllym, cmg`ml

dechg ùmt amrh ècutugml ultu` cerm-am/e`shs. @ecutugml tersecut mamdmg

@mrsm ultu` Cerùmsm. Lmbul, Lhetz-

sjge am` cermlnnmpml cmgwm sebum

airilnml gmrus ampmt ahreau`sh èpm-

am smtu airilnml terùmt.

QBQ beln`dmhb cmgwm sebum è-

cuamymml aml sebum perhdmù ymln

cerbm`lm ymln belyusul udtur mtmu

pul permamcml ampmt ahreau`sh pmam

airilnml tulnnmd aml cershfmt hllmte,

ym`lh gmsrmt/airilnml ultu` bel-

nghlamrh mfe` lenmf ymln ahmsishm-

sh`ml aelnml èsmamrml teltmln è-

bmml/birtmdhtmslym. Airilnml hlh

berupm`ml shsteb ymln cesmr (nrmla)

aml reau`f ymln ahbm`sua`ml ultu`

bebcerh`ml ètertmtmml (iraer) ter-

gmamp cercmnmh èrmln`m teires psh-

ìdinh ymln smdhln cersmhln tm`-`mruml.

QBQ beljicm belngmahr`ml sidush

ymln cershfmt belymtu`ml, ulh`msh,

tergmamp pertmlymml Belnmpm bm-

lushm cerph`hr aml cerperhdmù seper

htu9 Omwmc amrh QBQ mamdmg? Qham`

gmlym ultu` belnghlamrh èbmml,

tetmph ounm ultu` belnghlamrh cerph`hr

teltmln ebmml.

[ertmlymml `rhslym mamdmg? Bel-

nmpm bmlushm gmrus belnghlamrh

cerph`hr teltmln èbmml9 Mam mpm

aelnml pebh`hrml teltmln èbmml,

seghlnnm pebh`hrml hlh cenhtu belm-

ùt`ml9Lymtmlym, QBQ am` perlmg

beloedms`ml sejmrm bebmamh belnm-

pmèbmml berupm`ml sesumtu ymln

am` hlnhl `htm ph`hr`ml. Qudhsml hlh ce-

rmrnubel cmgwm pelnghlamrml `htm

tergmamp pebh`hrml teltmln ebmml

oustru belnmlauln @mrsm, airilnml,

mtmu ècutugml ymln cermam cecms

amrh (hlaepelael/am` cernmltuln

pmam)gmsrmt ultu` belnghlamrh mfe`

lenmf ymln cermsishmsh aelnml è-

smamrml m`ml èbmml `htm. @mrsm,

airilnml, mtmu ecutugml htu mamdmg

èhlnhlml m`ml bm`lm (bemlhln),

mtmu dechg spesh` dmnh, gmsrmt m`ml

secumg shsteb bm`lm ymln tulnnmd

(shlnudmr) aml terpmau (ulhea).

Cmlym` dhtermtur disis aml pshìdi-

nhs belauùln mrnubeltmsh tersecut.

[mrm dsuf e`shstelshmd, amrh @herèn-

mmra smbpmh aelnml Jmbus aml Geh-

aenner, tedmg belulou``ml cmgwm

èbmml htu selahrh cu`mldmg sub-

cer èjebmsml e`shstelshmd bmlushm.

@etmùtml bmlushm m`ml èbmml

belulou``ml gmd ymln dechg bel-

amsmr dmnh, ym`lh cmgwm bmlushm htutedmg nmnmd belnilstru`sh secumg

pmauml shsteb redmsh amdmb gmd bmlm

bmlushm bedhgmt ahrh secmnmh cmnhml

amrh shsteb redmsh tersecut. Cerph`hr

teltmln èbmml cermr cerph`hr tel-

tmln gmd ymln ahrepreseltmsh`ml ideg

èbmml, ym`lh ègmbpmml bm`lm

(bemlhlndessless), @eìsilnml, Mc-

surahtms.

[mam smtu shsh pelnerml, pishsh e`sh-

stelshmdhs tersecut ampmt ahdhgmt secm-

nmh pishsh ymln setmrmlmbul ceripi-

shsh aelnml pishsh QBQ. Zetmrm lmbul

cerdmwmlml, ideg `mrelm Gmsrmt ul-

tu` belnghlamrh @ejebmsml m`ml @e-

bmml ahnml`ml ideg Gmsrmt m`ml

secumg Zhsteb Bm`lm Qerpmau. Amdmb

gmd hlh, tetmp mam telaelsh reau`shilhs.

Qelaelsh reau`shilhs hlh celmr se`h-

rmlym nmnmsml utmbm amrh teirh e`sh-

stelshmd certuouml ultu` beletmp`ml

Gmsrmt m`ml Zhsteb Bm`lm Qerpmau

secmnmh airilnml pmrhpurlm (udbm-

te arhve) ymln belamsmrh sebum ai-

rilnml dmhllym. Lmbul, secmnmhbmlm

m`ml lmbpm` amdmb urmhml dechg dml-

out, tudhsml hlh am` cerbm`sua bel-

nmbchd pishsh reau`shilhs hlh.

Gmsrmt bmlushm ultu` bebcmlnul

aml bermsm terìle`sh aelnml sh-

steb bm`lm terpmau ymln tulnnmd

cu`mldmg sucirahlmt amrh gmsrmt ul-

tu` belnghlamrh cerph`hr teltmln

èbmml. Zebum shsteb bm`lm ymln

mam cu`mldmg respils tergmamp è-

tmùtml bmlushm m`ml èbmml.@e-

cutugml ultu` belnilstru`sh amlbede`mt`ml ahrh pmam èrmln`m bm`lm

terpmau seah`htlym berupm`ml secumg

ècutugml ymln cerahrh cecms/hlae-

pelael tergmamp ècutugml bmlushm

ultu` belnghlamrh pebh`hrml m`ml

èbmml, ounm berupm`ml ècutugml

ymln belamsmrh seoubdmg cesmr mpre-

gelsh/pebmgmbml `htm ter`mht èbm-

ml. Gmbphr am` termnu`ml cmgwm

bmlushm bedhcmt`ml ahrh amdmb ìl-

stru`sh bm`lm amdmb tmlnnmpml/re-

spilslym tergmamp pebh`hrml teltmln

èbmml. Lmbul, gmd hlh oustru beru-

pm`ml hlah`mtir cmgwm bm`lm beru-

pm`ml gmd pertmbm ymln pmdhln ahrusm`

ideg ebmml. Hbpdh`msh pebh`hrml hlh?

@e`m htm ahhlnmt`ml teltmln birtmdh-

tms `htm, `htm bermsm gmrusultu` be-

reìlstru`sh sertm dechg ùmt dmnh bel-

nh`mt`ml ahrh pmam èrmln`m-èrmln`m

teramgudu ymln tedmg ahtmltmln ideg

ègmbpmml bm`lm (secmnmh gmd ymln

ahrepreseltmsh`ml ideg ebmml).

Zepmlomln tudhsml ah mtms, ahsecut-

secut `mtm bm`lm. Mpm`mg ymln ah-




10/22

bm`sua aelnml bm`lm9 Cmubehster

(=88=) belymtm`ml cmgwm secumg

aelhsh `msmr teltmln bm`lm mamdmg

cmgwm bm`lm berupm`ml represel-

tmsh beltmd ymln tercmnh (sgmrea)

teltmln redmsh-redmsh ymln buln`hl

ahmltmrm gmd-gmd, perhswm-perhswm,

aml guculnml-guculnml. Aelnml

aebh`hml, bm`lm belnile`sh`ml

gmd-gmd. Belnhù aelhsh hlh, bm`m

cmlym` e`spresh ymln cerceam-ceam

ampmt ah`mht`ml aelnml pebmgmbml

teltmln bm`lm. E`spresh-e`spresh htu

bhsmdlym pmrmahnbm, s`rhp, sèbm,

lmrmsh, èrmln`m bm`lm, aibmhl pel-

netmguml (Aibmhls if tge @liwl),

aulhm msubf, aml dmhl-dmhl. Zebum

gmd hlh belnmlauln gmd ymln smbm?

redmsh ymln tertmtm, ymln ampmt cersh-

fmt `musmd, `mtenirhs, dinhs mtmu tedei-

dinhs, ymln belnguculn`ml gmd-gmd ah

mltmrm ahrh bmlushm sertm mltmrm ahrh

aelnml gmd ymln ahpersepsh`ml. [ul

redmsh hlh bebumt mamlym ìle`sh-ì-

le`sh ymln ampmt ahpreah`sh, cmh` ymln

ahtebu`ml bmupul ymln ahpm`sm`ml,

ymln bebuln`hl`ml bmlushm ultu`

bebpersepsh bmupul belnelamdh`ml

dhlnùlnmllym.

Oh`m celmr cmgwm bm`lm cershfmt bel-

nile`sh`ml, bm`m semp ècutugml

mtmu @egelam` m`ml bm`lm m`ml

berupm`ml secumg ècutugml mtmu

@mrsm ultu` cerguculnml. Bel-

urut Jmbus (=855), bmlushm ubub-

lym bebhdh`h secumg listmdnhm m`ml

ulhtms, secumg gmsrmt ultu` ìle`

(cerguculnml), ultu` beletmp-

`ml redmsh-redmsh, ultu` bebmau`ml

edebel-edebel aulhm ah se`htmrlym,

aml belnh`mt`ml ahrhlym amdmb ulh-

tms hlh. Qudhsml hlh cermrnubel cmgwm

ècutugml hlh cershfmt cmwmml (hllm-

te) aml tm` tereau`sh`ml (hrreaujhc-

de). @ecutugml m`ml bm`lm hlh cu`ml

berupm`ml bmlhfestmsh tmbpm` amrh

cecermpm ècutugml dmhl ymln de-

chg amdmb. @ecutugml hlh ounm juùp

e`shced amdmb pelermpmllym amdmb

belnudhsmsh`ml biae-biae redmshi-

lmd mpmpul.

Dechg omug dmnh, tudhsml hlh cermrnu-

bel cmgwm èrom-èrom/usmgm-usmgm

beluou ulhtms hlh belngmshd`ml mfe`

pishf. Zecmdh`lym, ìle`sh-ìle`sh

ymln terhltmlnhbelngmshd`ml ebish

lenmf. @egmbpmml bm`lm berupm-

`ml pelnhlnmt ymln belnhltmh ahmb-

ahmb terus-belerus cmgwm ìle`sh/

guculnml stmchd ymln ahbhdh`h bmlushm

cmrmln`mdh gmlym `sh, cmgwm redmsh-

redmsh ymln ahtetmp`ml ahh`mt ideg hdu-

sh. [ul cmgwm pmrmai`s, ahsrupsh, aml

ìltrmah`sh belnerubulh pmlamlnml-

pmlamlnml ghaup ymln `htm peroumln-

`ml ultu` ahpedhgmrm. Mfe` lenmf

ymln berupm`ml gmshd amrh èsmamrml

teltmln ahsìle`sh prifml, teltmln

ègmbpmml bm`lm, htudmg ymln be-

rupm`ml èjebmsml e`shstelshmd.

Mpmchdm ghpiteshs ah mtms celmr, bm`m

perlymtmml tersecut berupm`ml el-

amdm serhus cmnh `dmhb QBQ cmgwm

mp-mp gmsrmt m`ml bm`lm amdmb

èghaupml `htm berupm`ml aerhvmt

(turulml) amrh gmsrmt ultu` belnghl-

amrh mfe` lenmf ter`mht aelnml cerph-

`hr teltmln èbmml. @mamln`mdm mam

ymln cermrnubel cmgwm @egelam`

m`ml Bm`lm cershfmt mampf amdmb

rmln`m belnghlamrh èbmml. Bes-

`hpul aebh`hml, perlymtmml hlh am`

smbm aelnml belnmtm`ml cmgwm @e-

gelam` tersecut ahturul`ml amrh ai-

rilnml/ècutugml/gmsrmt nulm bel-

nghlamrh èbmml cmh` sejmrm smamr

bmupul tm` smamr. Belurut peludhs,

QBQ seyinhmlym am` beln`dmhb

cmgwm sebum perhdmù ymln beb-

pribish`ml ècerdmlnsulnml ghaup

(survhvmd) berupm`ml èjebmsml e`-

shstelshmd ymln ahsucdhbmsh. Belnm-

pm9 Zecmc, chdm celmr aebh`hml, bm`m

cmg`ml bm`ml pul, è`m `htm dmpmr,

gmrus ahdhgmt secmnmh bmlhfestmsh amrh

gmsrmt `htm ultu` belnghlamrh mfe`

lenmf ymln cermsishmsh aelnml pel-

nhlnmt m`ml birtmdhtms `htm. Mnmr `dmhb

QBQ tetmp certmgml, bm`m QBQ gmrus

belutup èbuln`hlml cmgwm @mrsm

m`ml Bm`lm cermam hlaepelael amrh

@mrsm ultu` Belnghlamrh @ejebmsml

@ebmml. Lmbul, secmnmhbmlm ah-

urmh`ml cerhùtlym, QBQ am` bmb-

pu belutup èbuln`hlml tersecut.

Qudhsml hlh oustru gelam` bebperdh-

gmt`ml cmgwm gmd ymln ah`dmhb QBQ

htu am` celmr. Dechg dmlout, ymln ce-

lmr mamdmg gmd ipishtlym. Cmgwm mfe`

lenmf ymln (belurut QBQ) ahmsi-

shmsh`ml aelnml pebh`hrml teltmln

èbmml sesulnnuglym buljud `m-

relm èbmml berusm`/belnnmln-

nu ìle`sh-ìle`sh amdmb èrmln`m

bm`lm fulambeltmd `htm ymln suamg

`htm cmlnul aml tetmp`ml amdmb se-

pmlomln ghaup htm.

Omah, hl ghpiteshs rhs hlh mamdmg cmg-wm ècutugml ultu` beleltu`ml bm-

`lm (mtmu, èrmln`m redmshilmd terpm-

au) ymln ahmlnnmp beljmùp sebum

remdhtms aml tebpmt bmlushm ah amdmb-

lym berupm`ml ècutugml amsmr bm-

lushm. @ecutugml hlh tm` ampmt ahre-

au`sh`ml èpmam seoubdmg ècutugml

ymln dechg cesmr. Mpmchdm ècutugml

m`ml bm`lm hlh am` terpelugh, bm-

lushm belnmdmbh seoubdmg oelhs mfe`

lenmf. Zubcer amrh mfe` lenmf ymln

ahmdmbh bmlushm è`m cerph`hr tel-

tmln ebmml sesulnnuglym terdetm`/

cersubcer pmam èsmamrml teltmln

mcsurahtms mtmu ègmbpmml bm`lm,

cu`ml terdetm` pmam èbmml htu sel-

ahrh. Hlhdmg èjebmsml e`shstelshmd.

Amsmr ghpiteshs

Jmbus berupm`ml pebh`hr pertmbm

ymln belnilseptumdhsmsh`ml

tge mcsura. Hm ounm ymln

bebpistudmsh`ml ècutugml cmwmml

(hllmte) m`ml bm`lm. @herènmmra

tedmg cernudmt aelnml pebh`hrml tge

mcsura smtu mcma secedub Jmbus.




11/22

Amdmb te`s Sepeththil (=71:/3;;;)

aml Ehtger/Ir (=71:/3;;;),

@herènmmra tedmg belnuln`mp`ml

teltmln ècutugml bmlushm ultu`

beletmp`ml ìle`sh-ìle`sh ymln

stmchd aml termbmd`ml amdmb persepsh

aml hlterm`sh bmlushm aelnml remdhtms.

Lhetzsjge ounm tedmg bebcerh`ml

pele`mlml `gusus belnelmh tge

Viha (@eìsilnml). [mam cmnhml

tudhsmllym amdmb Qge Nmy Zjhelje

(=77>/=873) ymln pmdhln ahhlnmt,

Lhetzsjge belymoh`ml èjebmsml

ymln ampmt ahmdmbh seseirmln èth`m

belngmamph ègmbpmml bm`lm

e`shstelshmd ymln ahsecmc`ml ideg

pelebuml cmgwm Qugml bmth

(Nia hs aema). Cmg`ml Freua tedmg

belnurmh`ml sejmrm rhln`ms teltmln

ètham`lymbmlml ymln nmlohd/mleg

ymln `htm rmsm`ml èth`m èghdmlnml

redmsh-redmsh aml pebhsmgml redmshilmd

(redmthilmd ahsouljthil). @rhth` esteths

Freua teramdmb amdmb esmhlym, Qge

Uljmlly (=8=8/=88;) bele`ml`ml

èjebmsml ymln ampmt ahmdmbh

bmlushm eth`m ahpmpmr aelnml mrym-

`mrym mrthsth` ymln ahjhrh`ml aelnml

hrmshilmdhtms fulambeltmdlym.

[ebh`hrml e`shstelshmdhs Jmbus amdmb

Ml Mcsura Semsilhln bebcumt

`dmhb pshìdinhs ymln pmdhln oedms

belymlnùt ècutugml e`shstelshmd

bmlushm ultu` bebmau`ml (ulhfh`msh)

persepshlym teltmln remdhtms aml

tebpmt ahrh amdmb remdhtms tersecut.

@ecutugml hlh ampmt ahpmlamln dhltms

cercmnmh whdmymg perhdmù bmlushm.

Jmbus bebpistudmsh`ml secumg

listmdnhm m`ml ulhtms, aml beln`dmhb

cmgwm seoubdmg perhdmù èjebmsml

berupm`ml gmshd amrh ècutugml

listmdnhm ulhtms ymln tergmdmlnh, mtmu

gmshd amrh èsmamrml bmlushm cmgwm

sedurug upmym/perhdmùlym cer`mhtml

aelnml ècutugml hlh mamdmg shm-

shm. @ejebmsml amdmb belngmamph

ègmbpmml bm`lm hlh mamdmg

èjebmsml e`shstelshmd. @ejebmsml

hlh tham` gmrus ahphju ideg èbmthml,

lmbul èjebmsml hlh ampmtbelyecmc`ml gmsrmt ultu` bmth.

Jmbus bebcmlnul redmsh ahlmbhs

mltmrm ulhtms aml ahsulhtms, amdmb

gmd bmlm tge mcsurabelomah ahlahln

pebhsmg mltmr èaumlym.

[ebh`hrml fhdisifhs dmhllym ymln redevml

amdmb rhth` tergmamp QBQ, ah smbphln

fhdsmfmt e`shstelshmdhsbe Jmbus,

mamdmg fhdsmfmt Qgibms @ugl amdmb

Ztrujture if Zjhelthfhj Seviduthils.

Qudhsml @ugl secelmrlym sejmrm

e`spdhsht bebcmgms firbmsh aml redmsh

mltmr pmrmahnbm-pmrmahnbm ehdbuml.

Lmbul, pebh`hrml @ugl ounm ampmt

ahpmlamln secmnmh perdumsml amrh

pebh`hrml Jmbus teltmln ahlmbh`m

ulhtms/ahsulhtms. Gmd hlh lmbpm` eth`m

@ugl belymoh`ml secumg teirh ubub

teltmln cmnmhbmlm ìle`sh-ìle`sh

ahcumt, ahrevhsh, mtmu ahmcmh`ml amdmb

upmym belnìlstru`sh èrmln`m-

èrmln`m redmshilmd ymln ìlshstel

sejmrm hlterlmd. @ugl amdmb

pebcmgmsmllym ounm belyeltug

gmsrmt ymln ahaes`rhpsh`ml Jmbus

secmnmh gmsrmt m`ml bmtrh`s redmshilmd

ymln smtu, pmau, aml terhlterìle`sh

ymln belnguculn`ml sebum mspe`

amrh remdhtms ymln `htm persepsh`ml.

@ejebmsml cmln`ht èth`m bmtrh`s

redmshilmd `htm pejmg cerèphln-

èphln. [ebh`hrml @ugl shnlhfh`ml

`mrelm hm tham` senml belnuthp stuah-

stuah pshìdinhs ebphrhs ymln cerupmym

ultu` belne`spdirmsh jmrm-jmrm

aelnml bmlm bmlushm bebedhgmrm

èrmln`m-èrmln`m redmshilmd

hlh èth`m belngmamph ahsrupsh-

ahsrupsh, ìltrmah`sh-ìltrmah`sh,

aml ìltrmfm`tumd-ìltrmfm`tumd tm`

teraunm, stuah-stuah ymln belmwmr`ml

cu`th ebphrhs ymln belauùln

pebh`hrml mdterlmthf `htm teltmln

subcer èjebmsml e`shstelshmd.

Zedmloutlym, terampmt pudm pebh`hrml

ymln beljicm beloebcmtmlh mltmrm

pebh`hrml fhdsmfmt aelnml pebh`hrml

pshìdinh. Mam aum irmln mgdh teirh

pshìdinh, ymln èaumlym belnmaipsh

biaed @uglhml teltmln perneserml

pmrmahnbm (pmrmahnb sghft) nulm

belnedmcirmsh pebh`hrmllym

bere`m teltmln peberidegml aml

pebedhgmrmml shsteb bm`lm. @eaum

teirhs hlh cermrnubel cmgwm mam

ècutugml cmwmml (hllmte) m`ml

secumg bmtrh`s redmshilmd ymln stmchd

ymln beljmùp remdhtms aml tebpmt

bmlushm ah amdmblym. @eaum teirhs hlh

belymtm`ml cmgwm èjebmsml ahgm-

shd`ml e`m ecutugml hlh tergmdmlnh.

Amdmb cuù Zgmerea Mssubpils,

Sillhe Omli-Cudbml (=888) belnu-

rmh`ml teltmln èrusm`ml ymln teromah

pmam èrmln`m bm`lm seirmln hlah-

vhau è`m belngmamph trmubm per-

silmd ymln hltels. Ceramsmr`ml cmshs

dhtermtur pshìdinhs aml disis, Om-

li-Cudbml beln`dmhb cmgwm bm-

lushm ceripermsh amrh amdmb aulhm-

aulhm msubf ymln tedmg ahcumtlym.

Aulhm-aulhm msubf hlh mamdmg sèbm-

sèbm fulambeltmd, tm` smamr, aml

teritibmsmsh`ml ymln belyusul

titmd oubdmg amrh redmsh-redmsh ymln `htm

gmrmp`ml, cmh` amdmb aulhm e`ster-

lmd bmupul amdmb redmsh `htm aelnmlaulhm hlh. [ergmml `gusus ahcerh`ml

pmam redmsh `musmd aml tedeidinhs, am-

dmb gmd bmlm perhswm-perhswm

trmubms belmltmln permsmml (sel-

se) `htm m`ml preah`tmchdhtms, ìltrid,

aml lhdmh prhcmah.

Amdmb Bmps if Bemlhln? tge Mrjghtej-

ture if Cedhef, Oiraml [etersil (=888)

ounm cermln`mt amrh biaed @uglhml

amdmb aes`rhpshlym belnelmh cmnmh-

bmlm Aibmhl if tge @liwl ahgmshd-

`ml aml ahstru`tur`ml ideg hlahvhau se-

cmnmh oeomrhln hbpdhsht amrh redmsh-redmsh

aml ìle`sh-ìle`sh ymln bebcerhtm-

gu`ml htm mpm-mpm ymln ampmt htm gm-

rmp`ml amrh aulhm. Ahlmbh`m teltmln

cmnmhbmlm Aibmhl if tge @liwl hlh

ahrevhsh mtmu ahmcmh`ml bhrhp aelnml

biaed @ugl teltmln ahlmbh`m pmrm-

ahnbm. [etersil cermlom` sedmln`mg

dechg omug aelnml belymtm`ml cmgwm

terampmt msmd-bumsmd leurichidinhs

cmnh sebum m`vhtms peljhptmml bm`-

lm. [etersil beln`dmhb cmgwm pmam

smtu shsh pelnerml, `htm htu gmra-




12/22

whrea (cercmshs nele`) ultu` bele-

tmp`ml shsteb redmsh ymln stmchd mltmrm

edebel-edebel remdhtms e`sterlmd aml

ahrh `htm selahrh. @htm bedmù`mllym

tmlpm referelsh pmam ètmùtml `htm

m`ml èbmml mtmu èjebmsml m`ml

cerph`hr teltmln èbmml. @egmb-

pmml bm`lm, tge Mcsura, tge Ai-

bmhl if tge Ul`liwl bebprivi`m-

sh ejebmsmllym selahrh pmam tmtmrml

leurichidinhs.

[ebh`hrml Bmrl Gehaenner(=85:/=886) amdmb Cehln mla Qhbe

belnnelmp`ml mrnubel-mrnubel ah

mtms ultu` ceripishsh tergmamp QBQ.

Gehaenner belymtm`ml cmgwm bm-

lushm mamdmg peljhptm bm`lm. Zemp

tmltmlnml tergmamp bm`lm hlh bebp-

rivi`msh seoubdmg mfe` lenmf sertm

upmym-upmym ultu` bebpercmh`h mtmu

belmbcmd èphlnml-èphlnml bm`lm

hlh amdmb bmtrh`s-bmtrh`s redmshilmd

`htm. Dechg pelln dmnh, Gehaenner

bebcumt perlymtmml ymln pmdhln

e`spdhsht cmgwm èjebmsml e`shstel-

shmd `htm amdmb belngmamph pebh-

`hrml m`ml èbmml mamdmg sejmrm

hltrhlsh` berupm`ml ètmùtml m`mlègmbpmml bm`lm, cmgwm èbmml

berepreseltmsh`ml perusm`ml terce-

smr tergmamp èutugml redmshilmd `htm,

seomug èbmml berepreseltmsh`ml

secumg pmrmai`s cesmr amdmb hl è-

bmlushmml `htm sertm seomug èbmml

sejmrm rmah`md bebhsmg`ml `htm amrh

e`shstelsh ymln `htm lnnmd`ml. Mpm-

chdm bm`lm mamdmg redmsh, èbmml

berupm`ml lilredmshymln pmrhpurlm.

@rhth` ter`mht pripishsh QBQ

Cmlym` pshìdin terhbpresh ideg

cesmrlym `mrym (ciay if wir`) ebphrhs

ymln ahgmshd`ml ideg QBQ. @mrym-`mrym

tersecut belulou``ml guculnml

secmc m`hcmt mltmrm pebh`hrml teltmln

èbmthml, gmrnm ahrh, aml ède`mtml

pmam lhdmh-lhdmh amrh pmlamlnml

ghaup ùdturmd bmlushm. Qham` germl,

ècmlym`ml pshìdin tham` `rhths pmam

upmym teireths QBQ ultu` bereau`sh

sebum bithvmsh bmlushm sertmsebum ìlstru` ùdturmd èpmam smtu

ècutugml mtmu airilnml tulnnmd.

Sichl S. Vmddmjger (=88>), seirmln

pshìdin sishmd, bhsmdlym, amdmb

`rhth`lym tergmamp QBQ belymtm`ml?

Zetedmg bebperthbcmln`ml fm`tm

aml pebh`hrml ymln cerceam-

ceam, [yszjzyls`h, a``. tedmg

bebcumt teirh ymln beym`hl`ml

cmgwm bmsmdmg èbmthml

berupm`ml subcer èjebmsml

ymln bebichdhsmsh`ml irmln

ultu` bebprite`sh gmrnm ahrhlym,

sertm belymlnnm/belenug`ml

pmlamlnml ghaup aml shstebèperjmymmllym.

Lmbul, Vmddmjger tetmp sèpths

belnelmh?

@dmhb ymln juùp cermlh cmgwm

Bmlmoebel Qerir berupm`ml

subcer amrh sebum bithf.

Zecmnmh bmlm ahjmtmt, mrnubel

[yszjzyls`h, a``. amdmb gmd hlh

mamdmg belmrh`, `mamln-`mamln

jerams (hlnelhius), lmbul

tercu`m ultu` ahperaecmt`ml

aml `mrelmlym tham` terdmbpmu

beym`hl`ml.

Amdmb `rhth` serupm, seirmln mgdh

pshìdinh, Siy Cmubehster (=88>)

belymtm`ml cmgwm?

QBQ beln`dmhb cmgwm sebum

bithf bmlushm ahturul`ml

amrh perdhlaulnml ahrh (sedf-

preservmthil) ymln ahsecut

[yszjzyls`h, a``. secmnmh bithf

utmbm (bmster bithve). @htm

ampmt setuou cmgwm seoubdmg

perhdmù cerirheltmsh pmam upmym

ultu` tetmp ghaup. Lmbul,

mpm`mg celmr, sebum9 Mam

èselomlnml ymln cesmr mltmrm

tebuml ebphrhs ymln ahdmpir`ml

ideg [yszjzyls`h, a``. aml `dmhb

teireths bere`m. Ztuah-stuah

bere`m tedmg bebperdhgmt`ml

aelnml cmlym` jmrm cmgwm

belnhlnmt`ml irmln m`ml

èbmthml ampmt belnucmg

perhdmù irmln tersecut. Lmbulaebh`hml, tebuml hlh omug

amrh ampmt ahnulm`ml secmnmh

ousthfh`msh perlymtmml cmgwm

sebum bithvmsh ahturul`ml amrh

ètmùtml m`ml èbmthml.

Amdmb `rhth` QBQ ymln dmhl,

pshìdin sishmd Bedvhl Derler (=88>)

belebu`ml cmgwm?




13/22

Shset ymln tedmg ahdmù`ml

[yszjzyls`h, Zidibil aml

Nreelcern tm` ampmt ahrmnu`ml

dmnh smlnmt hbpreshf. Lmbul

aebh`hml, sùp (jmùpml) amrh

speùdmsh teireths hltenrmthf

bere`m smlnmtdmg dums (si

eljibpmsshln) seghlnnm sudht

cmnh smym, aml èbuln`hlml cmnh

irmln dmhl, ultu` belerhbmlym.

[elampmt-pelampmt tersecut ah mtms

ounm ahnmuln`ml ideg pshìdin Crett[edgmb (=88>) amdmb mrthèdlym

Gubml Bithvmthil gms Budthpde

Siits?

[yszjzyls`h, Zidibil aml

Nreelcern bebcerh`ml secumg

biaed hltenrmthf teltmln

bithvmsh bmlushm. Qeshs bere`m

mamdmg cmgwm bithf-bithf

bmlushm ymln prhber sebumlym

cerm`mr pmam smtu bithf ymln

dechg fulambeltmd, ym`lh

bebhlhbmd`ml terir e`shstelshmd

ymln ahthbcud`ml ideg èsmamrml

cmgwm irmln sumtu gmrh m`ml

bmth. Bes`hpul smym bebuohcmh` rhset ebphrhs QBQ bmupul

tuouml teireths peljetus teirhlym

ultu` belyeahm`ml secumg teirh

hltenrmthf ultu` bebmgmbh

bithvmsh bmlushm, hlterpretmsh

smym tergmamp rhset-rhset ymln

mam belnelmh QBQ hmdmg cmgwm

teirh ymln beym`hl`ml cedubdmg

ahjmpmh ideg pmrm teirhs QBQ.

Zmlnmt tham` buln`hl cmgwm

bmlmoebel terir e`shstelshmd

berupm`ml bithf bmlushm ymln

pmdhln vhtmd (quhltesselthmd).

Mam aum strmtenh ubub nulm

beln`rhth` `dmhb-`dmhb reau`shilhs

amrh QBQ. [ertmbm, smbpmh aelnml

QBQ bmbpu bebcu`th`ml cmgwm

efe` smdhelsh èbmthml (birtmdhty

smdhelje) cerdmù cmnh sebumperhdmù

bmlushm aml cerèlmml aelnml

sebum shsteb bm`lm sertm sebum

fmset cuamym, bm`m `dmhb reau`shilhsbere`m tham` cideg ahterhbm.

Zecmnmhbmlm ahlymtm`ml ideg Derler?

Zecumg aebilstrmsh ymln

beym`hl`ml cmgwm bmlmoebel

terir cermam pmam puljm`

ghermr`h amrh bithf bmlushm gmrus

belulou``ml aebilstrmsh cmgwm

bmlhpudmsh smdhelsh birtmdhtms

bebhdh`h dechg cmlym` efe`

armbmths pmam sebum oelhs rem`sh

aefelshf amrhpmam efe` ymln

ahgmshd`ml ideg oelhs mljmbml

cerbm`lm dmhllym (ah dumr

mljmbml èbmthml). Zmymlnlym,

gmd hlh berupm`ml tunms ymlnsudht ahpelugh ideg QBQ.

Ztrmtenh èaum bebpertmlym`ml

vmdhahtms tmbpmln (fmje vmdhahty)

amrh teirh mpmpul ymln cerupmym

ultu` bereau`sh sebum bithvmsh

bmlushm èpmam smtu airilnml

tulnnmd, `gususlym airilnml ultu`

belnghlamrh èjebmsml e`shstelshmd.

Gmd hlh `mrelm `htm ampmt aelnml

senerm belnmbchd jiltig amrh

perhdmù aml bithvmsh ymln oedms-

oedms tham` cerm`mr pmam gmsrmt

ultu` belnghlamrh mfe` lenmthf

ymln ahgmshd`ml amrh èsmamrml m`ml

birtmdhtms htm. [edgmb belulou``ml

cmgwm sejmrm hltuhthf bmlushm oustru

bedhcmt`ml ahrh amdmb cmlym` se`mdh

perhdmù ymln sudht, ymln amdmb

terbhlidinh QBQ segmruslym ahghlamrh

mtmu tham` ahdmù`ml.

Irmln bedmù`ml culug ahrh,

bedhcmt`ml ahrh amdmb se`s ymln

tham` mbml, belnghrup ì`mhl,

beriì` tebcm`mu, bmcu` aml

belyethr, bedmù`ml m`ricmt

uamrm, belyedmb èamdmbml

dmut, cmg`ml bm`ml bm`mlml

ymln thlnnh nudm aml ìdesterid.

@htm belnmlnnmp cmgwm irmln

bedhcmt`ml ahrh amdmb perhdmù-

perhdmù ymln cerpitelsh

belaestru`sh ahrh hlh `mrelm ampmt

bebelugh ècutugml-ècutugml

amsmrlym sertm gmsrmt-gmsrmt

ymln hlaepelael amrh (aml

serhln`mdh mlthteshs tergmamp)

gmsrmt ultu` belnghlamrh

èjebmsml e`shstelshmd.

[erhdmù culug ahrh berupm`ml

tmltmlnml tercesmr tergmamp QBQ

ymln bedmù`ml reau`sh rmah`md.

Derler bebpertmlym`ml sejmrm `rhths?

Zecermpm belamsmr`mg ètmùtml

m`ml èbmthml, mpmchdm `htm

belym`sh`ml cmgwm cmlym`

irmln bebhdh`h fmltmsh serhus

ultu` belnm`ghrh èselnsmrmml

bere`m aelnml belnm`ghrh

ghaup bere`m, sertm mpmchdm `htm

belym`sh`ml cmgwm cmlym` amrh

bere`m certhlam` ceramsmr`ml

fmltmsh tersecut9

Qeltu smom terampmt èbuln`hlml-

èbuln`hlml ahbmlm `htm belmù

sesumtu ymln dechg amrhpmam èbm-

ml. Mam pudm lmshc-lmshc ymln celmr-

celmr curu` amdmb gmd bmlm èbm-ml fm`tmlym berupm`ml smrmlm ymln

ahphdhg ultu` belnghlamrh pelaerh-

tmml/lmshc curu` hlh. Zecmnmhbmlm J.

S. Zlyaer (=88>) belulou``ml amdmb

Jiltrid mla Mppdhjmthil if Ijjmbs

Smzir ti Qerrir Bmlmnebelt Qgeiry?

Amdmb gmd-gmd èth`m upmym ultu`

beream`ml pelaerhtmml tham`

su`ses mtmu tham` terseahm, irmln

ampmt sejmrm rmshilmd cerupmym

ultu` belnm`ghrh ghaup bere`m

sejmrm m`thf bmupul sejmrm pmshf.

Cmnh irmln aelnml pelym`ht

terbhlmd ymln belnmdmbh rmsm

sm`ht/pelaerhtmml ymln thlnnh,

girir ymln pmdhln pmrhpurlm

cu`mldmg èghdmlnml ghaup/

lile`shstelsh (secmnmhbmlm

belomah `dmhb QBQ), lmbul

oustru ècerdmlnsulnml ghaup/

survhvmd.

Zeoubdmg irmln dmhl ampmt

belymln`md cmgwm hlahvhau bebhdhg

bmth amrhpmam ghaup oh`m e`shstelshlym


Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=; Vid.3 Li.= Zeptebcer 3;=;=56 =5>


14/22

ahjhrh`ml aelnml sm`ht ymln tham`

cerpelngmrmpml sebcug. Lmbul,

smln`mdml hlh pul tham` redevml ultu`

terus belauùln `dmhb QBQ cmgwm

sethmp irmln bedmù`ml culug

ahrh ultu` belnghlamrh terir ymln

ahgmshd`ml ideg esmamrml cmgwm irmln

m`ml beluou èbmthml. Zecmnmhbmlm

Cmubehster belymtm`ml?

Ultu` bedmù`ml culug ahrh

secmnmh omdml èdumr amrh ahstress

ebishilmd gmlym bmsu` m`md

ahph`hr`ml mpmchdm m`mr amrh

ahstress tersecut mamdmg gmd dmhl ah

dumr èbmthml. Shln`mslym, `msus

culug ahrh smom suamg berupm`ml

cu`th ymln bebmamh ultu`

bebpertmlym`ml aml cmg`ml

buln`hl belidm` `dmhb QBQ

cmgwm perdhlaulnml/preservmsh

ahrh berupm`ml bithf utmbm

amdmb gmd bmlm sebum perhdmù

aml bithf dmhllym ahirheltmsh`ml

aml ahmcah`ml èpmamlym.

Mpm`mg mam sh`smml pshìdinhs dmhllym,

mtmu èjebmsml dmhllym, ymln ampmt

bebcumt irmln bedmù`ml culug

ahrh9 Cu`ml`mg celmr, bhsmdlym,

hlahvhau bedmù`ml culug ahrh

oustru `mrelm belngmamph e`shstelsh

ymln tham` cerbm`lm (bemlhlndess

exhstelje) 9 [ertmlymml term`ghr

hlh sejmrm ubub tham` perlmg

ahshlnnuln ideg `rhthùs-`rhthùs QBQ

secedublym. Zebeltmrm pmrm teirhs

bebpertmlym`ml reau`shilhsbe

QBQ, tham` mam smtu mgdh pul ymln

belnnmnms cmgwm peljhptmml bm`lm

ampmt ahph`hr`ml secmnmh secumg

airilnml hlaepelael mtmu cecms

amrh airilnml ultu` belnghlamrh

pebh`hrml teltmln èbmthml ahrh. Ideg

`mrelmlym, tham` mam smtu teirhs pul

ymln bebperthbcmln`ml pishchdhtms

cmgwm ècutugml fulambeltmd m`ml

bm`lm sejmrm m`tumd bebmhl`ml

perml sucstmlshmd amdmb belngmshd`ml

èjebmsml ymln `htm rmsm`ml amdmb

belngmamph birtmdhtms `htm.

@dmhb QBQ, ymln berupm`ml `dmhb

cesmr (nrmla dmhb), ampmt ahpmtmg`ml

mpmchdm ampmt ahtulou``ml cmgwm

mam airilnml dmhl ymln e`shs ymln

cmg`ml dechg fulambeltmd cmnh

bithvmsh bmlushm. Airilnml hlh

tham` gmlym dechg piwerfud amrhpmam

gmsrmt ultu` belnghlamrh pebh`hrml

teltmln èbmthml, tetmph ounm aelnml

selahrhlym certmlnnuln omwmc

cmnh gmsrmt `htm ultu` belnghlamrh

pebh`hrml teltmln èbmthml. Amdmb

gmd hlh, `htm tham` belymln`md cmgwm

bmlushm bebhdh`h gmsrmt ultu`

belnghlamrh smdhelsh birtmdhtms, aml

cmgwm `htm bedhcmt`ml ahrh amdmb

perhdmù cerbm`lm ultu` bebums`ml

gmsrmt hlh. Lmbul, tudhsml hlh

cermrnubel cmgwm gmsrmt ultu`

belnghlamrh pebh`hrml teltmln

èbmthml sebmtm-bmtm berupm`ml

secumg jiltig speshfh` amrh gmsrmt

ymln bmshg dechg belamsmr dmnh, hmdmg

subcer pmrhpurlm amrh èjebmsml

e`shstelshmd, ymln bebcm`mr gmsrmt

`htm ultu` belnghlamrh smdhelsh

èbmthml.

Mpm`mg airilnml sebmjmb htu e`shs9

Mpm`mg terampmt secumg biaed nu-

luln es amdmb gmd bmlm gmsrmt `htm

ultu` belnghlamrh smdhelsh èbmml

berupm`ml cmnhml puljm` amrh nu-

luln es amrh smbuaerm èam`smam-

rml `htm, aml cmshs nululn es-lym

mamdmg èhlnhlml m`ml bm`lm, ym`lh

airilnml fulambeltmd bmlushm ultu`

beletmp`ml aml bebedhgmrm oeomrhln

msishmf stmchd ymln sejmrm preah`f

belnguculn`ml sebum edebel amrh

remdhtms ymln ahpersepsh`ml, amdmb

bmlm `htm sejmrm pmrhpurlm belyeb-

pduln`ml ahrh `htm amdmb remdhtms hlh9

Amdmb gmd hlh, omwmclym mamdmg ym.

@eshbpudml ghpiteths

QBQ mamdmg rmln`mhml reau`sh.

Zmdmg smtu amrh reau`sh-reau`sh hlh

bebmlamln sebum perhdmù ìnlhthf,

sebum peljhptmml bm`lm, sebum selh,

redhnh, fhdsmfmt, cuamym, secmnmh gmd-gmd

ymln tereau`sh`ml pmam ècutugml

ultu` belnghlamrh èjebmsml

e`shstelshmd. Gmd dmhl ymln belomah

cmnhml amrh reau`sh hlh bebmlamln

èjebmsml m`ml èbmthml secmnmh

tereau`sh`ml pmam ètmùtml m`ml

èbmthml, aml sedmloutlym tham`

ampmt ahreau`sh`ml dmnh. Cmnhml

tudhsml hlh tedmg belnuln`mp`ml

secumg ghpiteshs cmru cmgwm tham`

celmr oh`m ah`mtm`ml cmgwm sebum

pebh`hrml ymln cerbm`lm aml sebum

upmym ghaup bmlushm tereau`sh`ml

pmam gmsrmt `htm ultu` belnghlamrh

èjebmsml e`shstelshmd. Qudhsml hlh

belymtm`ml cmgwm gmsrmt ultu`

bebcumt/beljhptm`ml bm`lm

berupm`ml gmsrmt eselshmd ultu`

belnile`sh`ml edebel-edebel

remdhtms ymln ahpersepsh`ml, sertm

belnguculn`ml ahrh `htm è remdhtms

hlh, amdmb bmlm gmsrmt hlh cu`ml

berupm`ml gmshd amrh gmsrmt mpmpul

ultu` belnghlamrh èjebmsml

e`shstelshmd.

Qudhsml hlh oustru belnuln`mp cmgwm

gmsrmt htm ultu` bebcumt guculnml-

guculnml, ultu` beljhptm`ml bm`lm,

berupm`ml gmsrmt ymln hllmte.

@ejebmsml ymln buljud èth`m gmsrmt

hlh tm` terpelugh berupm`ml subcer

seomth amrh èjebmsml e`shstelshmd.

@ebmthml, mtmu dechg tepmtlym gmd

ymln ahrepreseltmsh`ml nmnmsml

teltmln èbmthml, berupm`ml

pelaerhtmml rmah`md m`ml redmsh,

secumg ahsìle`sh rmah`md, ymln

belngmljur`ml bmtrh`s redmshilmd

ymln belnmht`ml `htm aelnml

remdhtms ymln `htm persepsh`ml.

Aelnml aebh`hml, tham`dmg celmr

cmgwm èjebmsml e`shstelshmd

tereau`sh`ml pmam ètmùtml m`ml

èbmthml, bedmhl`ml ymln celmr

mamdmg cmgwm ètmùtml m`ml

èbmthml berupm`ml secumg jiltig

amrh èjebmsml e`shstelshmd, ymln

hlthlym mamdmg èjebmsml amdmb

belngmamph ahsìle`sh, lilmsishmsh,

èmjm`ml, @eìsilnml, mcsurahtms,

ètham`cermrthml.




15/22

Gmsrmt ultu` bebcumt ìle`sh

(beljhptm`ml bm`lm) terbmlhfestmsh

amdmb gmsrmt `htm ultu` belnulhfh`msh

(belymtu`ml) sebum remdhtms,

terbmsu` ahrh `htm, amdmb secumg

bmtrh`s redmshilmd ymln tulnnmd aml

stmchd. Qudhsml hlh tedmg belnuln`mp

cmgwm gmsrmt QBQ htu selahrh ultu`

belnulhfh`msh pshìdinh ah cmwmg

rmln`mhml tulnnmd redmsh e`spdmlmtirh

berupm`ml jiltig hrilh` amrh gmsrmt

prhbirahmd m`ml bm`lm terpmau(ulhfhea bemlhln) hlh, listmdnhm ultu`

gmd ymln smtu. M`ghrlym, bmtrh`s

redmshilmd ymln `htm ym`hlh tedmg `htm

cmlnul Aibmhl if tge @liwl,

pmrmahnbm ymln belnulhfh`msh, aulhm

msubthf cerìltm` aelnml aibmhl

dmhl ymln `mamln`mdm `htm persepsh`ml

secmnmh beljmùp remdhtms Aibmhl

if tge Ul`liwl, Lmtur, Jgmis ymln

ah`mrm`terhsmsh`ml ideg èthmamml

sebpurlm m`ml redmsh-redmsh tertmtm

aml ìle`sh-ìle`sh stmchd. Amdmb

tedu` mltmrm èaum gmd ymln

berupm`ml e`strhb-e`strhb ymln tm`

tercmlahln`ml (ulhtms mcsidut aml

ahsulhtms mcsidut), `htm belebu`mlmcsurahtms, mlibmdh, trmubm, aml msmd

bumsmd amrh èjebmsml e`shstelshmd

`htm.

Mpmchdm ghpiteshs ah mtms hlh ahterhbm,

bm`m perlymtmml hlh berupm`ml gmd

ymln fmtmd tergmamp rmln`mhml reau`sh

ymln berupm`ml mbchsh tercesmr amrh

QBQ.

Mpreshmsh tergmamp[erèbcmlnml[eromdmlml Shset Butm`ghr QBQQBQ ampmt ahph`hr`ml secmnmh secumg

delsm ymln bedmduhlym `htm ampmt

belnerth shnlhfh`mlsh fulnshilmd

amrh cercmnmh aibmhl perhdmù

sishmd bmlushm ymln cerceam-ceam.

Amdmb rmln`m hlh, QBQ tedmg ahtedmmg

ultu` belnerth cmnmhbmlm ahstress

e`shstelshmd `htm cerguculnml

aelnml seoubdmg aibmhl trmahshilmd

pelyedhah`ml pshìdinh sishmd,seperth mnresh (bhsmdlym, BjNrenir,

a``., =887), prises èsmamrml-

ahrh (bhsmdlym, Mrlat, a``., =887),

pelnmrug sishmd aml persumsh (Zee

& [etty, 3;;6), ìlfirbhtms aml

èulh`ml (bhsmdlym, Zhbil, a``.,

=88>), ìlshstelsh sh`mp aml perhdmù

(bhsmdlym, Frheabml & Mrlat, 3;;5),

sertm mdtruhsbe (bhsmdlym, Oilms,

a``., 3;;3).

Amdmb cmnhml hlh, ahpmpmr`ml seoubdmg

jiltig teltmln cmnmhbmlm pmrm

peledhth tedmg belnnulm`ml delsm

QBQ hlh ultu` bebmgmbh mrshte`tur

ìnlhthf ymln belamsmrh pebrisesml

pebh`hrml teltmln èbmthml,jmrm-jmrm amsmr amdmb gmd bmlm

ìlstru`sh haelthtms `htm cerguculnml

aelnml pelnedidmml ìlsel-ìlsel

e`shstelshmd, aml cmnmhbmlm nmnmsml-

nmnmsml hlh ampmt ahmpdh`msh`ml ultu`

belnupms persimdml sishmd.

Mrshte`tur ìnlhthf amrh bmlmoebel

terir

Zebeltmrm rhset QBQ cernerm`

bmou, buljud hlshngt pelthln ultu`

bebmgmbh seoubdmg ahlmbh`m

ìnlhthf ah cmdh` pelnedidmml/

bmlmoebel seseirmln m`ml

èsmamrml m`ml èbmthml (Mrlat,

Jii`, & Siutdeane, 3;;10 [yszjzyls`h,

Nreelcern, & Zidibil, =888). Mlmdhshs

hlh belymtm`ml cmgwm ideg `mrelm

prises perèbcmlnml amdmb gmd bmlm

irmln cedmomr ultu` belnguculn`ml

selse ymln belhlnnh teltmln lhdmh

shbcidh` aelnml bhthnmsh ahstress

e`shstelshmd, pelnetmguml belnelmhbirtmdhtms belomah secumg ìlstru`

seltrmd amdmb oeomrhln beltmd irmln

ymln terahrh mtms èym`hlml-èym`hlml

ter`mht ahrh, ymln ampmt ahm`thvmsh

aelnml seoubdmg jmrm. M`thvmsh hlh

èbuahml bebithvmsh aum shsteb

pertmgmlml ymln cerceam cernmltuln

pmam èsmamrml m`ml ìnlhsh ymln

cerguculnml aelnml birtmdhtms

seseirmln. [ertmbm, pertmgmlml

pri`shbmd (prixhbmd aefelses)

ahm`thf`ml ultu` bereau`sh mljmbml

ter`mht ahrh ymln cerguculnml aelnml

ìnlhsh smamr teltmln èbmthml.

Irmln belnnulm`ml cermnmb smrmlm

pseuai-rmthilmd ultu` belnghlamrh

cerph`hr teltmln èreltmlml tergmamp

birtmdhtms (bhsmdlym, pelymln`mdml

èreltmlml èbmthml? Nreelcern,

Mrlat, Zhbil, [yszjzyls`h, & Zidibil,

3;;;). Gmd hlh ahtulou``ml Jgmpdhl

(3;;;) ymln beruou` pmam respils

cu`ml smym, omlnml se`mrmln. Efe`-

efe` hlh cerèlmml aelnml perml

ymln smlnmt m`thf ymln ahomdml`ml

bhla amdmb belnedidm ìlsel-

ìlsel smamr ter`mht-èbmthml,

secumg m`thvhtms ymln pmam nhdhrmllym

ampmt bebhdh`h ìlseùelsh ymln

smlnmt ùmt amdmb belnh`hs gmchs

èsedurugml subceramym renudmsh ahrh

seseirmln (Nmhddhit, Zjgbehjged, &

Cmubehster, 3;;6). Lmbul aebh`hml,

respils-respils seoelhs htu gmlym

beljerbhl`ml uouln ùù amrh

nululn es aefelshf bmlushm.

@eth`m pertmgmlml pri`shbmd

ahtelmln`ml (redmxea), mam

pelhln`mtml ymln tertulam amdmb

m`seshchdhtms pebh`hrml ter`mht

èbmthml ah dumr èsmamrml (Mrlat,

a``., =88>). Gmd hlh ahuùr amdmb

rhset-rhset. Bes`hpul irmln ampmt

tham` bedmpir`ml pebh`hrml teltmln

èbmthml pmam smmt htu, bere`m

ampmt bmshg dechg buln`hl ultu`

bedeln`mph secumg frmnbel `mtm




16/22

seperth BMY Y aelnml bmthèthbcmln

bmtm. Gmd hlh belulou``ml cmgwm

pebh`hrml teltmln èbmthml m`thf aml

bebpelnmrugh persepsh bes`hpul

hm tham` belymamrhlym. Hlthbmsh

birtmdhtms ymln tm` smamr hlh pmam

nhdhrmllym belyecmr pmam ìlstru`-

ìlstru` m`thf ymln terhlterìle`sh

(pmlamlnml aulhm aml gmrnm ahrh

ymln redevml) ymln bebcerh`ml

bm`lm aml lhdmh cmnh hlahvhau tersecut

(Mrlat, Nreelcern, & Jii`, 3;;3).

Aelnml per`mtmml dmhl, pebh`hrmlteltmln èbmthml ymln cershfmt tm`

smamr belhbcud`ml pebh`hrml tm`

smamr teltmln gmd-gmd ymln bebcumt

èghaupml htu cermrth (bemlhlnfud).

Gmd hlh berupm`ml èrom bhla ymln

belnirnmlhsmsh`ml subceramym cmnh

ècutugml ymln cerhùtlym m`ml

pertmgmlml pshìdinhs ahstmd (mtmu

shbcidh`)ymln belnumt`ml eym`hlml

(fmhtg) teltmln èperjmymml-

èperjmymml ùdturmd (judturmd cedhefs)

aml permsmml pelthlnlym ahrh (sedf-

shnlhfhjmlje). @eterdhcmtml amdmb

pertmgmlml pri`shbmd aml ahstmd

bebhdh`h fulnsh `rhths? (=) belnurmlnh

m`seshchdhtms tergmamp ètmùtml m`ml

èbmthml (Mrlat, a``, =88>), sertm

(3) belnurmlnh pitelsh èjebmsml

ymln ahdmghr`ml ideg pebh`hrml m`ml

èbmthml (Nreelcern, a``., 3;;:).

Bes`hpul prises-prises hlh ampmt

bebhdh`h hbpdh`msh pelthln amdmb

bebmgmbh sumtu reltmln ipermsh-

ipermsh ìnlhthf bithvmshilmd

(ìlseùelsh ahferelshmd amrh pebh`hrml

smamr aml tm` smamr? ênler & Zbmrt,

=88>0 Cmrng & Jgmrtrmla, =888), rhset-

rhset dechg dmlout ahperdu`ml ultu`

thcm pmam pebmgmbml ymln dechg

ìbpregelshf belnelmh mrshte`tur

pshìdinhs aml cmg`ml leuridinhs ah

cmdh` bmlmoebel ètham`mbmlml

e`shstelshmd (hlsejurhty exhstelthmd).

Aelnml pelnebcmlnml aml amym tmrh`

ymln dechg dmlout amrh betiae-betiae

leurismhls sishmd, se`mrmln buln`hl

ultu` beberh`sm prises-prises

ìnlhthf aml chidinhs ymln terdhcmtèth`m irmln ahìlfriltmsh`ml aelnml

èsmamrmllym teltmln èbmthml.

Zecmnmh jiltig, stuah cmru-cmru hlh

belnnulm`ml te`lh` ede`trifhshidinhs

ultu` belne`spdirmsh `mpmshtms

amrh pelnhlnmtml (rebhlaers) m`ml

èbmthml ultu` belngmshd`ml irmln

ymln sejmrm `gusus pe`m tergmamp

pedmlnnmrml gmrmpml sishmd (Gelry,

Cmrtgidiw, & Mrlat, amdmb Mrlat

& Vess, 3;;7). Gmrmpml sishmd ymln

ahbm`sua mamdmg senmdm sesumtu ymln

belidiln ultu` bebcumt hlterm`sh

`htm aelnml irmln dmhl cerbm`lm aml

ampmt ahpreah`sh. [eledhthml aelnml

belnnulm`ml peljhtrmml itm`

cmrmln`mdh tham` terdmdu dmbm dmnh ampmt

ahnulm`ml ultu` belnhaelthfh`msh

whdmymg-whdmymg itm` ymln terèlm

hbpdh`msh pebrisesml ahlmbh`m

e`shstelshmd.

Zeoubdmg mrmg cmru rhset bmlmoebel

terir

Jhltm aml èbmml? Bebperdums shs-

teb bmlmoebel terir. Amdmb tmgul-

tmgul cedm`mlnml hlh, peledhml tedmg

bebudmh ahsùsh teltmln cmnmhbmlm

redmsh-redmsh hlterpersilmd ampmt cer-

fulnsh secmnmh fulnsh-fulnsh e`shs-

telshmd sertm bebceltelnh permsmml

hltrmpersilmd htm teltmln ahrh htm. Ce-

rmln`mt amrh perspe`f teirh ède`mtml

amrh Ciwdcy (=868), Bhùdhljer, Fdirh-

ml, aml Ghrsjgcerner (3;;:) belnmou-

`ml pripishsh cmgwm guculnml m`rmc

(jdise redmilsghps) bebcmltu irmln

ultu` belmlnnudmlnh pelnetmguml

smamr teltmln tm` terghlamr`mllymèbmml. Guculnml m`rmc bebce-

rh`ml tmlnnud ymln pelln ultu` pe-

bm`lmml ùdturmd aml gmrnm ahrh, aml

bebfmshdhtmsh mamptmsh evidushiler,

sertm belmwmr`ml smrmlm ultu` be-

renudmsh ahstress è`m irmln bebpe-

rideg èlymbmlml aml èmbmlml amrh

ède`mtml bere`m aelnml irmln dmhl.

[eledhml Bhùdhljer, a`` tedmg pmam

nhdhrmllym cerfiùs pmam `mpmshtms

amrh irmln-irmln secmym ymln m`rmc,

guculnml-guculnml ribmls, ultu`

bedmymlh tuouml bmlmoebel terir,

ymln belebu`ml cmgwm èsmamrml

m`ml èbmml belhln`mt`ml upmym

ultu` belnhlhshmsh hlterm`sh sishmd

(Qmucbml Cel-Mrh, Fhlader, & Bhùdhl-

jer, 3;;3), sertm belhln`mt`ml gmsrmt

m`ml hlbmsh ribmls aml ìbht-

bel (Fdirhml, Bhùdhljer, & Ghrsjg-

cerner, 3;;3). @gususlym, cmlym` amrh

peledhml hlh belebu`ml cmgwm cmnh

bere`m aelnml nmym ède`mtml mbml

(sejure mmjgbelt styde), mamdmg pel-

ln ultu` belulou``ml aepelaelsh/

pelnmlamdml sebmjmb htu èpmam te-

bml secmym aml redmsh-redmsh ribmls,

secmnmhbmlm gmdlym hlahvhau bebhdh`h

secumg seomrmg pelnmdmbml ùrmln-

lym èjebmsml amdmb ìlte`s hlter-

m`sh hlterpersilmd ymln m`rmc.

Cmru-cmru hlh, Jix, a``. (amdmb Mrlat

& Vess, 3;;7) belulou``ml cmnmhbm-

lm ède`mtml seseirmln ymln cershfmt

dechg ruahbelter (belamsmr) tergm-

amp irmlntumlym cerdmlout belomah

pelyeahm prite`sh bedmwml ìlsel

birtmdhtms pmam irmln aewmsm buam.Zecmnmh jiltig, gmlym cerph`hr tel-

tmln irmlntum ampmt belnurmlnh m`-

seshchdhtms pebh`hrml èbmml sertm

belnurmlnh respils-respils aefel-

shf tergmamp pelnhlnmt èbmml.

Dechg dmlout dmnh, è`m cergmampml

aelnml ìlsel birtmdhtms, hlahvhau

belomah dechg belyu`mh aml cerupmym

belampmt`ml ìltm` ymln dechg ae`mt

aelnml irmln-irmln dmhl ymln cmru ah-

èlmd ymln belnhlnmt`ml bere`m tel-

tmln irmlntum bere`m. Gmd hlh se`mdh-

nus belyiìln nmnmsml `dmsh` Freula

(=8=3, =857) teltmln trmlsferelsh.

Ztru`tur seaergmlm, pebh`hrml

tebpirmd, aml listmdnhm

Zehrhln aelnml cerèbcmlnlym

ciay if resemrjg amrh QBQ, fulnsh

amrh ìlsepsh teltmln remdhtms ymln

ahturul`ml sejmrm ùdturmd (ym`lh,

pmlamlnml aulhm/wirdavhews) sertm

redmsh `htm amdmb berhltmlnh ìlsel

ymln cerm`mr amdmb teltmln èbmthml

tedmg belomah oedms. Lmbul aebh`hml,

cmlym` amrh rhset hlh tedmg cerfiùs




17/22

pmam cmnmhbmlm ilsel ymln belhlnnh

teltmln èbmthml belyucur`ml

pelnmlamdml ymln belhlnnh tergmamp

mspe`-mspe` speshfh` amrh pmlamlnml

aulhm (bhsmdlym, èym`hlml-èym`hlml

aml haelthtms-haelthtms hlnriup)

sertm redmsh-redmsh speshfh` (bhsmdlym,

guculnml ribmlhths). Shset-rhset

ymln mam bebcerh`ml gmlym seah`ht

pergmthml pmam gmd-gmd ymln dechg

belamsmr amrh shsteb èym`hlml

ymln bebcerh`ml pebm`lmml.

[eledhthml butm`ghr tedmg budmh

belnhsh èselomlnml (nmp) hlh aml

belermln`ml lhdmh e`shstelshmd

amrh ìlsepsh terstru`tur teltmln

remdhtms aml jmrm-jmrm aelnml bmlm

èbmbpuml `htm ultu` cerph`hr

sejmrm tebpirmd ampmt bebcmltu

`htm ultu` beljmpmh tuouml.

@mrym budm-budm ymln belnhsh

èselomlnml ahbm`sua mamdmg nmnmsml

teltmln cmnmhbmlm stereithp mltmrm

dmhl cerfulnsh ultu` belstmchd`ml

pmlamlnml aulhm (wirdavhew) ymln

ahnulm`ml hlahvhau ultu` belhphs`ml

ìlsel birtmdhtms. Zjghbed, a``.

(=888) belebu`ml cmgwm èth`m

ècutugml ultu` bebedhgmrm secumg

pmlamlnml ymln stmchd belnelmh

remdhtms ahperthlnnh (gmd hlhdmg ymln

teromah belyusud smdhelsh birtmdhtms),

hlahvhau cerph`hr aelnml jmrm-jmrm

ymln dechg stereithph` sertm dechg

su`m/bebhdhg hlahvhau dmhl ymln

ìlfirb tergmamp stereithp ymln

ahtmwmr`ml ideg bmsymrm`mtlym.

Gmd hlh gelam` belymtm`ml cmgwm

belnìlstru`sh secumg pmlamlnml

ymln stmchd aml cerbm`lm (belnelmh

gmd-gmd ymln oh`m tham` ahperdmù`ml

aebh`hml m`ml terdhgmt secmnmh remdhtms

ymln `mjmu/`mith` aml tm` terpreah`sh)

berupm`ml fulnsh-fulnsh bmlmoebel

terir amsmr. Cmru-cmru hlh Dmlamu, a``.

(3;;1) cermrnubel cmgwm hlahvhau

ymln belulou``ml ahspishsh `rilhs

m`ml pelnetmguml ymln seaergmlm

aml tm` mbchnu (ym`lh, ècutugml

prhcmah ymln thlnnh m`ml stru`tur ([LZ

2persilmd leea fir strujture? Leucern

& Lewsib, =88:)) m`ml smlnmt

buln`hl belurul`ml permsmml

cerbm`lm amrh pmlamlnml aulhm ymln

fmbhdhmr aml terstru`tur aelnml cmh`.

Shset Dmlamu belulou``ml cmgwm,

dhltms cmlym` rmnmb stuah, hlahvhau

ymln thlnnh [LZ-lym berespils

tergmamp ìlsel birtmdhtms aelnml

preferelsh ymln belhln`mt ultu`

sumtu bm`lm ymln tertmtm (wedd-

iraerea) aml tm` mbchnu. @mrym-

`mrym cerhùtlym amdmb dhtermtur ymln

cerèbcmln hlh tedmg belnnulm`ml

nmnmsml hlh ultu` belnerth rmsm (tmste)

selh biaerl (biaerl mrt). Irmln

aelnml [LZ ymln thlnnh berespils

tergmamp èsmamrml m`ml èbmthml

aelnml èsu`mml ymln belurul

tergmamp selh, amdmb gmd bmlm selh

belnghdmln`ml èoedmsml bm`lm,

èjumdh chdm `mrym selah tersecut

ahcerh`ml ouaud mtmu ermln`m ruou`ml

ymln cerbm`lm (Dmlamu, Nreelcern,

Zidibil, [yszjzyls`h, & Bmrtels,

3;;6). Omah, chdm èaum gmshd peledhthml

ah mtms ahnmculn`ml, tebuml-

tebumllym belymtm`ml cmgwm

hlahvhau-hlahvhau terteltu belnedidm

èjebmsml e`shstelshmd aelnml

belstru`tur`ml remdhtms aelnml jmrm-

jmrm ymln bebcumtlym stmchd aml

tm` mbchnu. @rhth`lym mamdmg cerupm

pertmlymml teltmln cmnmhbmlm`mg

bebperideg pebmgmbml ymln dechg

cmh` belnelmh gmd-gmd mpm smom ymln

bebuln`hl`ml seoubdmg hlahvhau

ymln dmhl dechg ampmt sejmrm lymbml

belidermlsh mbchnuhtms amdmb aulhm

sishmd bere`m. Gmd hlh beberdu`ml

peledhthml dechg dmlout.

@ebmbpuml ulh` `htm ultu` cerph`hr

sejmrm tebpirmd (ymln berefde`sh`ml

ah bmlm `htm tedmg cermam aml ah

bmlm `htm m`ml beluou), oedms-oedms

cerìltrhcush tergmamp pelstru`tur

aulhm sishmd `htm. Fm`tmlym,

ùdtur belyeahm`ml ìlsepsh-

ìlsepsh ymln terirnmlhsmsh ultu`

bebmgmbh ceromdmllym wm`tu. Gmd

hlh bebuln`hl`ml hlahvhau ultu`

belstru`tur`ml èghaupml segmrh-

gmrhlym sertm belebpmt`ml ahrhlym

amdmb ilte`s ghstirhs ymln cerbm`lm

(Siutdeane & Mrlat, 3;;5). Amrh

perspe`thf QBQ, ìlsepsh-ìlsepsh

belnelmh wm`tu berupm`ml mspe`-

mspe` pelthln amrh pmlamlnml aulhm

ùdturmd ymln ampmt belnurmlnh

ahstress ter`mht èsmamrml m`ml

birtmdhtms. Zeomdml aelnml hlh, smdhelsh

birtmdhtms belhbcud`ml dechg cmlym`

auùlnml ymln cmlym` cmnh ìlsepsh-

ìlsepsh ùdturmd belnelmh wm`tu,

ounm bebithvmsh hlahvhau ymln sejmrm

ùmt ternmculn amdmb permsml

remdhtms ymln tertmtm ([LZ thlnnh) nulm

bebcumt pereljmlmml gmrhml aelnml

dechg oedms bebcumt nmrhs aebmr`msh

tebpirmd (Dmlamu, Nreelcern, Mralt,

& Siutdeane, amdmb Mrlat & Vess,

3;;7).

Ah smbphln htu, èbmbpuml

speshfh` `htm ultu` berefde`sh`ml

bmsm dmdu cernulm ultu` belephs

ìlsel birtmdhtms aelnml cercmnmh

jmrm. Zecmnmh cmnhml amrh prinrmb

peledhthml ymln dechg dums, ^hdasjgut,Zeah`haes, Mrlat, aml Siutdeane

(3;;6) bebcerh`ml cu`th cmgwm

refde`sh listmdnh` ampmt bebperùmt

subceramym pshìdinhs ymln cerfulnsh

secmnmh fulnsh bmlmoebel terir

(bhsmdlym, gmrnm ahrh). Zetedmg

ahhlnmt`ml teltmln èbmthml,

dmbulml listmdnh` (cmh` ymln sejmrm

ahspishshilmd thlnnh bmupul `mrelm

sejmrm e`sperhbeltmd ahthbcud`ml)

bebperthlnnh persepsh teltmln

bm`lm amdmb èghaupml sertm

belnurmlnh m`seshchdhtms ìnlhsh-

ìnlhsh ter`mht èbmthml (Siutdeane,

Mrlat, Zeah`haes, & ^hdasjgut, 3;;7).

Dmbulml listmdnh` sejmrm `gusus

ampmt cernulm cmnh hlahvhau-hlahvhau

ymln dechg tum, `mrelm bere`m ampmt

berefde`sh cmdh` èghaupml bere`m

ultu` bebperideg permsmml cmgwm

èghaupml bere`m cerbm`lm.

Hltenrmsh bithvmshilmd? @remthvhtms,

pertubcugml, aml ètercu`mml

ph`hrml

Zmdmg smtu `rh` ymln ampmt ahcerh`ml




18/22

tergmamp QBQ mamdmg cmgwm ah smb-

phln ètmùtml dumr chmsm ymln bes

`htm gmamph ter`mht ìnlhsh teltmln è-

bmml, `htm am` sedmdu sejmrm aefel-

shf belyebculyh ml ahrh `htm ah cmdh`

sedhbut embmlml udturmd ymln rhnha.

Cmlym` irmln ymln sejmrm nmnmg cerm-

lh pernh è tebpmt ah bmlm am` sei-

rmln pul perlmg pernh èsmlm. Gmd hlh

cmrmln`mdh ampmt ahtermln`ml aelnml

ìlsep `remvhtms. Fm`tmlym, terampmt

shsh dmhl amrh bivmsh ymln beljer-

bhl`ml perhdmù ymln beree`sh`mlètercu mml ph`hrml aml peber`mym-

ml ahrh (sedf-elrhjghln) (bhsmdlym, Aejh

& Syml, =8750 Bmsdiw, =863). [eledh-

ml tedmg budmh belne`spdirmsh aum

ìlseùelsh ahvernel amrh belomomr-

`ml (ouxtmpishln) lam`ml-lam`ml

`remf ymln ahprivi`msh ideg ìlsel

teltmln birtmdhtms.

Xmln pertmbm cerguculnml aelnml

ìlseùelsh ebishilmd amrh lam`ml

`remf. Ceramsmr`ml teirh `dmsh` amrh

Ii Sml` (=8:3, =878) aml nmnmsml

ìltebpirer belnelmh ahslnsh ip-

bmd (Crewer, =88=), Mrlat, Nreelcern,

Zidibil, [yszjzyls`h, aml Zjghbed

(=888) belymtm`ml cmgwm èterdhcm-

tml `remf (ideg `mrelm belnghdmln-

`ml ahrh amrh pidm-pidm sishmd ìlvelsh-

ilmd) belnmljmb ìle`sh sishmd ymln

bebcerh`ml prite`sh amrh ètmùtml

e`shstelshmd `htm. Ideg `mrelmlym, è-

`m ahgmamp`ml aelnml ètmùtml

e`shstelshmd, lam`ml `remf ampmtbelhbcud`ml permsml cersmdmg (se-

cumg ebish ymln beljerbhl`ml

gmsrmt m`ml repmrmsh sishmd? Qmlnley,

=885) aml ounm upmym-upmym ultu`

belnumt`ml eserupmml (shbhdmrhtms)

aelnml irmln-irmln dmhl. Lmbul ae-

bh`hml, ahceltelnh aelnml belhln`mt-

lym permsmml m`ml ìle`sh sishmd se-

bmjmb htu, irmln ampmt terdhcmt amdmb

`remvhtms setedmg ahhlnmt`ml m`ml

èbmml tmlpm belnmdmbh permsml

cersmdmg, aml `mrelmlym ampmt bel-

ngmshd`ml efe` pshìdinhs ymln dechg

pishf belnelmh m`vhtms `remf ter-

secut (Mrlat, Siutdeane, Nreelcern,

& Zgedail, 3;;5). Cmnmhbmlm gmd hlhbuln`hl9 Zetedmg ahhlnmt`ml m`ml e-

bmml, irmln ampmt dechg `remf oh`m

priau` lam`mllym ahmrmg`ml pmam

èultulnml ìbulmd. Lmbul irmln

ampmt belomah urmln remf oh`m pri-

au` lam`mllym ahmrmg`ml pmam pel-

jmpmhml hlahvhaumd (Siutdeane, Mrlat,

Vess, Zgedail, amdmb Mrlat & Vess,

3;;7). Aelnml aebh`hml, peledhml

hlh am` gmlym belulou``ml seoub-

dmg shsh nedmp amrh e`spresh `remf, te-

tmph ounm belulou``ml cmgwm mpmchdm

irmln ahgmamp`ml pmam pelnedidmml

ètmùtml e`shstelshmd, `remvhtms be-

bhdh`h pitelsh ultu` bebfmshdhtmsh è-

terdhcmtml ymln dechg ipbmd aelnml

èghaupml.

Cermln`mt amrh gmd tersecut, Siutdea-

ne, a``. (3;;1) tedmg budmh belne`s-

pdirmsh cmnmhbmlm `remvhtms ampmt

belhln`mt ml permsml ymln dechg gi-

dhs` m`ml ètercu`mml ph`hrml ymln,(ìltrms aelnml tebuml rhset QBQ

secedublym), ampmt belhln`mt`ml

èshmpml seseirmln ultu` belne`s-

pdirmsh nmnmsml-nmnmsml cmru ymln

cmg`ml belmltmln ahrhlym selahrh.

Siutdeane, Mrlat, aml Zgedail (3;;1)

belebu`ml cmgwm mpmchdm `remvh-

tms belnhlsphrmsh`ml irheltmsh ymln

dechg bebcu`m ph`hrml, gmd hlh bere-

au`sh telaelsh irmln ultu` belnedidm

ètmùtml e`shstelshmd aelnml jmrm

belyusut`ml èym`hlml-èym`hlml

ymln ce

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