perbandingan kaunseling & psikologi dari perspektif islam & barat

7/21/2019 PERBANDINGAN KAUNSELING & PSIKOLOGI DARI PERSPEKTIF ISLAM & BARAT

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PK\LAFBGFNAF MA[FYKHGFN BAF

PYGMJHJNG BA\G PK\YPKMRGE GYHAC BAF

LA\AR

MKDGB[PAF LK\M[AHGRG PKFBKMARAF

GYHAC DABDA\G

F[\[H AGFG LGFRG C[BAWAR

<007

Bgmkcumamaf uftum ckckfudg skladangaf bargpaba mkpkrhuafmursus Gshac Pkfbkmataf Dabdarg (GTKT 1904), [fgvkrsgtg Cahaya



GYHAC PKFBKMARAF DABDA\G GTKT

1904

1

GYG MAFB[FNAF

LGH RAO[M C[MA Y[\AR

1 MJFYKP BAF EAHYAEAD GYHAC DABDA\G <

< BKEGFGYG GYHAC DABDA\G 9

9 10 P\GFYGP [RACA GYHAC DABDA\G 2

2 BKEGFGYG MA[FYKHGFN 4

; PK\LAFBGFNAF BG AFRA\A PKFBKMARAF MA[FYKHGFN CKF[\[R

PK\YPKMRGE LA\AR BAF GYHAC

PKFBKMARAF MA[FYKHGFN CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE LA\AR

PKFBKMARAF MA[FYKHGFN CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE GYHAC

10

10

15

5 BKEGFGYG PYGMJHJNG 17

> PK\LAFBGFNAF BG AFRA\A PKFBKMARAF PYGMJHJNG CKF[\[R

PK\YPKMRGE LA\AR BAF GYHAC

PKFBKMARAF PYGMJHJNG CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE LA\AR

PKFBKMARAF PYGMJHJNG CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE GYHAC

<0

<0

<2

4 BKEGFGYG MKDGB[PAF LK\M[AHGRG <4

7 PK\LAFBGFNAF BG AFRA\A MKDGB[PAF LK\M[AHGRG CKF[\[R

PK\YPKMRGE LA\AR BAF GYHACM[AHGRG DGB[P CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE LA\AR

M[AHGRG DGB[P CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE GYHAC

90

90

9>

10 PK\AFAF ANACA BAHAC MA[FYKHGFN BAF PYGMJHJNG 21

11 PK\AFAFF MA[FYKHGFN BAF PYGMJHJNG BAHAC CKFGFNMARMAF

MKDGB[PAF LK\M[AHGRG

22

11 \[C[YAF ;0




1904

<

PK\LAFBGFNAF MA[FYKHGFN BAF

PYGMJHJNG BA\G PK\YPKMRGE GYHAC BAFLA\AR ? MKDGB[PAF LK\M[AHGRG

PKFBKMARAF GYHAC DABDA\G

MJFYKP BAF EAHYAEAD GYHAC DABDA\G

Gshac Dabdarg lumafhad satu aoaraf laru, gafya abahad aoaraf Gshac yafn

sklkfar yafn lkrpamsgmaf ah-Quraf baf as-Yuffad ( Gshac Eufbackftah ). Dah gfg

lumafhad satu pkrmara yafn laru mkrafa anaca Gshac abahad satu anaca yafn

syucuh= anaca yafn sksuag skpafoafn zacaf baf anaca yafn ckrkftasg skcpabaf

tkcpat baf wamtu. Cahad pkfnnufaaf gstghad 'Dabdarg' tkhadpuf bgnufamaf jhkd

ghcuaf Gshac skoam barg buhu hang skpkrtg Glfu Mdahbuf bahac mgtal anufnfya 'Ah-

Cuqabbgcad' baf pkcgmgr ah-Oazagr gagtu Cahgm Lkffalg yafn ikfbkrufn

ckfnnufamaf gstghad 'dabdara' yafn bgafnnap dacpgr mkpaba camsub mkskgclafnaf

mkcaouaf aftara aspkm catkrgah bkfnaf amdham baf spgrgtuah. ( Ygrg Cjfjnraeg Gshac

Dabdarg Rkrkfnnafu Lgstarg , c/s 9 - Gbrgs Ousjd )

Gshac Dabdarg abahad Gshac yafn syucuh atau mjcprkdkfsge bkfnaf

pkfkmafaf mkpaba pkclafnufaf kmjfjcg baf tacabuf ckfykhurud - yafn

lkrupaya ckfoabg pkfnnkram baf pkfbjrjfn mkpaba pkfgfnmataf baya sagfn lafnsa

Ckhayu baf ucat Gshac acfya. Gshac Dabdarg amaf ckfoabgmaf wargsaf baf




1904

9

tacabuf Gshac yafn ckcpkrhgdatmaf mkoayaaf ikckrhafn ucat Gshac casa hacpau

sklanag pkfbjrjfn mkpaba pkclafnufaf baf mkcaouaf tacabuf ucat Gshac casa

mgfg bahac skcua lgbafn mkdgbupaf.

Haftaraf gtu Gshac Dabdarg tkhadpuf bgoabgmaf satu mkrafnma Basar Fasgjfah

yafn amaf bgoabgmaf sklanag asas bg bahac pkrafiafnaf pkclafnufaf Cahaysga

sklanag skluad fknara Gshac Caou ckfokhafn Raduf <0<0. Bahac krtg mata hagf,

^awasaf <0<0 yafn tkhad bgoabgmaf sklanag 'cagfstrkac' fknara skhaca gfg darushad

lkrpamsgmaf mkpaba rud Gshacg atau bahac gstghad yafn hklgd prjnrksgefya gahad Gshac

Dabdarg . Gfghad radsga yafn tkrsurat bgsklahgm mksufnnudaf mkpgcpgfaf fknara bg

lawad tkraou WAL Batj' Ykrg Albuhhad Adcab Labawg ckcpkrmkfahmaf Gshac

Dabdarg.

BKEGFGYG GYHAC DABDA\G

Apamad yafn bgcamsubmaf bkfnaf Gshac Dabdarg : 'Gshac Dabdarg' abahad

nalufnaf barg bua mahgcad Ladasa Aral, gagtu ? 'Gshac' baf 'Dabdarg' (sgeat). Asah

pkrmataaf 'Dabdarg' gahad 'Dabdaruf' - 'Dabdaratuf' (Dgbup bg Lafbar) yafn

ckclawa camsub ckclafnuf, caou ataupuf lkrtacabuf - hawaf mkpaba

pkrmataaf 'labawad' ( mkpkbahacaf atau mkcufburaf). Lkrtjham bargpaba mata

basar tkrsklut cama pkrmataaf 'dabdarad' ataupuf sgeatfya 'dabdarg' ljhkdhad

bgtamrgemaf sklanag dasgh tgfbamlahas aftara cafusga bkfnaf ahac baf mkdgbupaf

skmgtarfya ckhahug usada yafn bghamumaf jhkd cafusga skfbgrg lang ckcpkrlagmg




1904

2

mkbubumaf mkdgbupaffya bg bufga skiara egzgmah baf spgrgtuah ckfngmut mkpkrhuaf

baf pkrkbaraf skcasa ( waqgk).

Pkfnkrtgaf dabdarad (dabdaratuf) gtu skcamgf huas smjpfya apalgha mjcufgtg

cafusga gtu skcamgf oaud bargpaba ijram dgbup mkpkbahacaf, skrta apalgha ckrkma

cuha tkrlalgt bkfnaf naya dgbup casyaramat caou yafn prjnrksge barg skcasa mk

skcasa ckfngmut mksksuagaf zacaf baf tkcpat. Oustkru, dabdarad ataupuf

tacabuf abahad dasgh-dasgh usada yafn bghamumaf jhkd cafusga uftum

ckfnkmsphjgtasg ufgt-ufgt ahac yafn lkraba bg skmgtarfya. Ruouaffya gahad uftum

ckrkahgsasgmaf sknaha mkpkrhuaf bahac casyaramat cafusga skrta ckfyklarhuas

eamtjr-eamtjr mklagmaf baf mkladangaaf bg mahafnaf cafusga skoanat.

Mkatas

10 P\GFYGP [RACA GYHAC DABDA\G

Lang ckfoafa pkclafnufaf yafn skgclafn baf pkfngftknrasgaf aftara mkcaouaf

bufgawg baf ouna pkrsgapaf umdrawg bahac Pkclafnufaf Gshac Dabdarg bg Cahaysga,

cama W.A.L Pkrbafa Ckftkrg tkhad ckclkrg pkfkmafaf mkpaba Mkdgbupaf Lkrmuahgtg

sklanag sahad satu bargpaba 10 Prgfsgp [taca Gshac Dabdarg ?

1. Mkgcafaf baf mktaqwaaf mkpaba Ghadg.

<. Mkraoaaf abgh baf lkracafad.

9. \amyat lkrogwa ckrbkma.

2. Pkfnuasaaf ghcu pkfnktaduaf.




1904

;

;. Pkclafnufaf kmjfjcg yafn skgclafn baf mjcprkdkfsge.

5. Mkdgbupaf lkrmuahgtg.

>. Pkclkhaaf dam mucpuhaf cgfjrgtg baf wafgta.

4. Mkutudaf lubaya baf cjrah.

7. Pkckhgdaraaf baf pkcuhgdaraaf ahac skcuha oabg.

10. Mkmuataf Pkrtadafaf baf Pkrpabuaf.

Pkfkmafaf gfg tkhad bgmupas skfbgrg jhkd W.A.L Batj' Ykrg Albuhhad Adcab

Labawg bg pkrdgcpufaf lkrmkfaaf bkfnaf ckfokhasmaf ladawa?

"Gshac Dabdarg ckclkrg pkfkmafaf mkpaba pkclafnufaf - pkclafnufaf

yafn ckfourus mkpaba pkclgfaaf pkrabalaf. Pkrabalaf yafn bgiafag bkfnaf

pknafnaf Gshac baf ckclkrg ejmus mkpaba usada ckcpkrtgfnmatmaf cutu

mkdgbupaf (Mkdgbupaf Lkrmuahgtg). Ckcpkrtgfnmatmaf cutu mkdgbupaf ckhahug

pkfnuasaaf ghcu, pkclafnufaf gfsaf, pkclafnufaf mksgdataf skrta pkclafnufaf

egzgmah. Ckcpkrtgfnmatmaf cutu mkdgbupaf bkfnaf ckfnacahmaf sgstkc kmjfjcg,

sgstkc pkrbanafnaf baf sgstkc mkwafnaf yafn bgfacgm"

[ftum ckhamsafamaf pkclafnufaf lang ckclgfa pkrabalaf Gshac bg

Cahaysga, mgta pkrhumaf mkpaba skluad mkraoaaf yafn mumud baf stalgh sklanagcafa

yafn bgacafadmaf jhkd Ahhad mkpaba Mkraoaaf Largsaf Fasgjfah ckfkrusg cafbat

ramyat bg bahac Pghgdafraya [cuc mk-11 yafn hahu. Lkrtkpataf bkfnaf egrcaf Ahhad

Y.w.t ? Lkrcamsub ?




1904

5

"Ahhad ckfoafogmaf jrafn-jrafn yafn lkrgcaf baf lkracah sjhkd barg

mahafnaf macu (wadag ucat Cudaccab) ladawa Bga amaf ckfoabgmaf ckrkma

mdahgead-mdahgead yafn ckcknafn muasa pkckrgftadaf bg lucg, sklanagcafa Bga

tkhad ckfoabgmaf jrafn-jrafn yafn sklkhuc ckrkma, mdahgead-mdahgead yafn

lkrmuasa= baf Bga amaf ckfnuatmaf baf ckfnkclafnmaf anaca ckrkma (anaca

Gshac) yafn tkhad bgrkbdag-Fya uftum ckrkma= baf Bga ouna amaf ckfnnaftgmaf lang

ckrkma mkacafaf sktkhad ckrkma ckfnahacg mktamutaf (barg afiacaf cusud)".

(Yurad af-Fur ? Ayat ;; )

Pkclafnufaf Gshac Dabdarg Yatu Acafad Ahhad. Pkfbkmataf Gshac Dabdarg

yafn bgrafiafn jhkd mkraoaaf barg subut ckfoafa Mkdgbupaf Lkrmuahgtg skpkrtg yafn

bgutaramaf jhkd W.A.L Batj' Ykrg Albuhhad Adcab Labawg ckrupamaf sahad satu

usada uftum ckfnuatmaf baf ckfnkclafnmaf anaca Gshac. Gafya skladangaf

bargpaba tunas mdahgead skpkrtg yafn bgsklut jhkd Ahhad bahac ayat bg atas.

Bg sacpgfn gtu, Gshac Dabdarg amaf ckclkrg pkfkmafaf mkpaba

pkclafnufaf skpabu baf skgclafn lang ckhadgrmaf ucat yafn lkrghcu baf

lkrgcaf, lkrtacabuf tgfnng, lkramdham cuhga, ouour hang acafad, skrta lkrskbga

ckfafnafg ialaraf skcasa bufga nhjlah.

Pkfbkmataf Gshac Dabdarg Ykharas Yuffad \asuh. Pkfbkmataf Gshac Dabdarg

yafn bgrafiafn jhkd mkraoaaf skpkrtg yafn bgfyatamaf bg atas, barg subut ckfoafa

Mkdgbupaf Lkrmuahgtg bg mahafnaf ramyat abahad ouna lkrasasmaf mkpaba apa yafn




1904

>

tkhad bghamumaf jhkd \asuhuhad Y.a.w mktgma ckclafnufmaf Mjta Cabgfad, gagtu

bkfnaf ckclgfa Mkdgbupaf Lkrmuahgtg bahac aspkm ckclkrg pkfkmafaf mkpaba

usada ckclascg ah-oadhu ( Mkoadghaf ), Ckclascg ah-eamru (Mkeamgraf/mkcgsmgfaf )

baf ckclascg ah-carabdu (pkfyamgt).

Pkrafiafnaf Mkraoaaf bg bahac ckclafnufmaf Gshac Dabdarg bg mahafnaf

ramyat bahac sknkfap aspkm yafn bgfyatamaf bg atas ckrupamaf satu usada acah

sjhkd. Gfg mkrafa usada yafn skbkcgmgaf tkrcasum bahac matknjrg ckrgfnaf baf

ckcubadmaf mksuhgtaf jrafn hagf, yafn cafa \asuhuhhad Y.a.w tkhad lkrsalba,

lkrcamsub ?

"Larafn sgapa ckrgfnafmaf sksaca jrafn Gshac barg mksuhgtaf-mksuhgtaf

bufga, Ahhad amaf ckrgfnafmaffya barg mksuhgtaf-mksuhgtaf darg Mdgacat. Larafn

sgapa ckcubadmaf skskjrafn yafn skbafn ckfnahacg mksuhgtaf, Ahhad amaf

ckcubadmaf urusaffya, lagm bg bufga caupuf bg amdgrat.."

(Dabgtd ? \gwayat Cushgc )

Lkrtkpataf bkfnaf dabgtd tkrsklut, baf bahac mjftkms ckcadacg baf

ckfndayatgfya barg pkrspkmtge Gshac Dabdarg, cama W.A.L Batj' Ykrg Albuhhad Adcab

Labawg bahac uiapaf basarfya bg Pkrdgcpufaf Anufn [CFJ paba <9 Ykptkclkr

<002, ouna ckfyarafmaf ladawa?




1904

4

"[sada yafn mjfsgstkf dgfnna ckfndasghmaf mkoayaaf yafn lkrtkrusaf pkrhu

bgrafiafn… Pkfgfnmataf muahgtg (gtqaf) bahac skcua urusaf baf mkngataf mkdgbupaf

ckrafnmucg lgbafn pkfbgbgmaf, pkfnuasaaf sagfs baf tkmfjhjng skrta amtgvgtg-amtgvgtg

kmjfjcg, dkfbamhad bgoabgmaf lubaya. Gotgdab ckclgfa uccad bahac zacaf

cjbkf gfg pkrhu bglkrgmaf pkrdatgaf baf bglkrgmaf pkfngmtgraeaf"

BKEGFGYG MA[FYKHGFN

Maufskhgfn ckrupamaf suatu mjfskp yafn tkhad bg mktadug ucuc mdususfya

bg mahafnaf casyaramat caou. Ykcamgf caoufya mkdgbupaf adhg bahac skskluad

casyaramat, skcamgf ckfgfnmat puha casahad-casahad yafn darus bg tkcpudg jhkd

adhg-adhgfya.

Mklafyamaf gfbgvgbu apalgha bgcgfta uftum ckftamrgemaf tkftafn maufskhgfn

amaf ckfyatamaf ladawa maufskhgfn abahad satu prjsks pkrtkcuaf bg aftara

skjrafn maufskhjr bkfnaf gfbgvgbu yafn gfngf bglkrgmaf laftuaf. Bkfnaf hagf

pkrmataaf, maufskhjr gahad gfbgvgbu yafn mdusus lkrtunas skiara tkrarad atau

sumarkha uftum ckclkrgmaf pkrtjhjfnaf mkpaba jrafn hagf uftum ckfykhksagmaf

sksuatu casahad yafn bgdabapg jhkd mhgkf (jrafn yafn batafn lkroucpa bkfna

maufskhjr). Bkegfasg yafn bg lkrgmaf gfg tkrhahu ucuc.

[ftum pkcadacaf bkfnaf hklgd okhas hang tkftafn bkegfgsg mufskhgfn, bgpktgm

tgna bkegfgsg yafn tkhad bgluat jhkd tgna tjmjd gagtu Lhjidkr (17>2)= Ijrky (17>>) baf

Oacks (174<). Lhjidkr (17>2) ckfbkegfasgmaf maufskhgfn sklanag suatu prjsks uftum




1904

7

ckfjhjfn gfbgvgbu supaya ga ckfoabg hklgd skbar tkftafn bgrgfya baf lanagcafa ga

bapat lkrtgfbam lahas bahac ahac pkrskmgtaraffya. Ijrky (17>>) skpkrtgcafa

bkfnaf Lhjidkr ckfkmafmaf tkftafn prjsks bg cafa skjrafn mhgkf bglkrg pkhuafn

uftum ckfkrjmag aspkm bgrg baf mkdgbupaffya yafn ckfgcluhamf casahad paba

bgrgfya. Amdgr skmahg Oacks (174<) puha ckfbkegfasgmaf maufskhgfn sklanag suatu

prjsks pkclkhaoaraf yafn hklgd ckfkmafmaf mkpaba prjsks ckclaftu gfbgvgbu

uftum ckfiapag mkdkfbamfya, ckclgclgfn baf ckfghag pjtkfsg yafn aba paba bgrg

gfbgvgbu.

Mktgna-tgna bkegfasg yafn bg pghgd gfg ckclkrgmaf pkfkmafaf mkpaba prjsks

uftum ckfjhjfn, ckfykbarmaf gfbgvgbu tkftafn bgrgfya baf suatu prjsks

pkclkhaoaraf gfbgvgbu uftum ckfiapag tgfnmat mkskoadtkraaf bahac mkdgbupaf yafn

bghahug.

Mjfskp atau bkegfasg maufskhgfn ckfngmut pkrspkmtge Gshac bgbapatg hklgd huas

baf hklgd mjcprkdkfsge. Azgz Yahhkd (1775) cgsahfya ckfyatamaf ladawa maufskhgfn

ckrupamaf suatu mdgbcat pkrdulufnaf bg aftara skjrafn mhgkf yafn ckcpufyag

casahad psgmjhjngmah bkfnaf skjrafn maufskhjr tkrhatgd uftum ckclaftu mhgkf lang

ckfnatasg casahad yafn bgdabapg. Maufskhgfn Gshac ckcpufyag hgputaf smjp

casahad yafn hklgd lksar gagtu yafn lkrmagtaf bkfnaf mkgcafaf skskjrafn skpkrtg

aspkm mktudafaf, ahac amdgrat, bjsa, padaha, fkrama, darg mgacat baf sklanagfya.

Ckfngmut aoaraf Gshac, makbad maufskhgfn gfg abahad suatu acahaf asas yafn




1904

10

pkrhu bgpkrnufamaf bahac pkrdulufnaf sksaca cafusga. Acahaf fasgdat-

cafasgdatg baf ckfoaudg tgfbamaf yafn lkrtkftafnaf bkfnaf aoaraf Gshac

ckrupamaf asas bahac bgbgmaf Gshac.

^ahau apapuf bkegfasgfya, pkrtkcuaf aftara maufskhjr baf mhgkf bahac

lklkrapa sksg maufskhgfn tahad bapat ckfiapag ahtkrfatge tkrlagm uftum gfbgvgbu

ckfnatasg casahad yafn bgdabapg anar bgrgfya bapat lkreufnsg bkfnaf hklgd

lkrmksaf bg ahac pkrskmgtaraffya.

PK\LAFBGFNAF BG AFRA\A PKFBKMARAF MA[FYKHGFN CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE

LA\AR BAF GYHAC

PKFBKMARAF MA[FYKHGFN CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE LA\AR

Ykoam mkcufiuhaf lgbafn ghcu maufskhgfn, tkrbapat mgra-mgra <00 pkfbkmataf

yafn ljhkd bgnufamaf uftum ckclkrg maufskhgfn paba gfbgvgbu yafn

ckckrhumaffya. Maufskhjr yafn huas pkfnahacaffya amaf ckcghgd tkjrg-tkjrg yafn

bapat bgsksuagmaf bkfnaf pkrcasahadaf yafn bgdabapg jhkd mhgkf anar lgbafn

casahad yafn bgdabapg jhkd mhgkf bapat bgatasg bkfnaf lkrmksaf. Bargpaba

lafyamfya lgbafn pkfbkmataf gtu, bapat bgmucpuhmaf mk bahac kcpat matknjrg

pkfbkmataf gagtu?

1. Pkfbkmataf psgmjafahgtgm

<.

Pkfbkmataf mjnfgtge




1904

11

9. Pkfbkmataf aekmtge

2. Pkfbkmataf tgfnmad hamu

Pkfbkmataf Psgmjafahgtgm

Bgpkrmkfahmaf jhkd Ygncufb Erkub yafn lkrhatar lkhamafnmaf mkdgbupaf

Wadubg. Lkhgau tkhad ckcpkrmkfahmaf mjfskp assjsgasg-lklas (erkk-assjsgatgjf)

skhkpas lkroaya bahac acahaf dgpfjtgsa (dypfjsgs). Erkub ckfnnufamaf makbad

assjsgasg uftum ckfkrjmag cgfba tgbam skbar cafusga. Bahac pkfbkmataf

psgmjafahgtgmfya, Erkub ckclkrgmaf pkfknasaf baf pkriaya ladawa pkrsjfahgtg

gfbgvgbu bapat bgmktadug ckhahug maogaf cgfba tgbam skbar yafn bgpufyag.

Paba pafbafnaf Erkub, cafusga skiara egtradfya lkrsgeat bgfacgm gagtu

tkrbapat pkrpgfbadaf atau trafsejrcasg baf pkrtumaraf tkfana bahac pkclkftumaf

pkrsjfahgtg cafusga. Pkfbapat-pkfbapat yafn bgutaramaf jhkd Erkub tkrlumtg skiara

sagftgegm mgfg.

Maufskhjr prjeksgjfah yafn ckfnacahmaf pkfbkmataf psgmjafahgtgm amaf

ckfnnahammaf mhgkf ckrkma ckckrgdahmaf baf lkriamap apa sadaoa yafn batafn

bahac gfnataf, tkrutaca skmahg pkrgstgwa-pkrgstgwa yafn bghahug skcasa lkraba bg

tadap mafam-mafam. Ckhahug pkfbkmataf gfg maufskhjr iuca ckclkftum

pkrskmgtaraf atau atcjsekra bg cafa mhgkf amaf ckrasag lklas uftum ckhadgrmaf gsg

datgfya.




1904

1<

Pkfbkmataf gfu ckcpufyag pkhlanag mjcphgmasg baf mjcphkmsgtg. Arhjw

(1742) ckfyatamaf ladawa pkfbkmataf psgmjafahgtgm lkroaya bgnufamaf uftum

ckfnatasg ckrkma yafn ckcpufyag pkhlanag mkikharuaf tkrcasumhad nafnnuaf

dgstkrga, farigssgsc, rkamsg jlskssge-mjcpuhsge, mkikharuaf pkrglabg, mktamutaf,

pdjlga baf mkikharuaf skmsuah.

Pkfbkmataf Mjnfgtge

Adhg maufskhgfn ckfnnufamaf pkfbkmataf mjnfgtge bkfnaf ckclkrgmaf

tucpuaf mkpaba pkcgmgraf cafusga (tdgfmgfn). Adhg tkjrg mjnfgtge pkriaya ladawa

pkcgmgraf ckcpkfnarudg pkrasaaf baf tgfnmadhamu cafusga. Ogma gfbgvgbu

ckfnulad iara lkregmgr, pkrasaaf baf tgfnmad hamufya ouna amaf ckfnahacg

pkruladaf ckhahug cjbgegmasg tgfnmad hamu. Yahad satu pkfbkmataf mjnfgtge yafn

pjpuhar tkhad bgmkclafnmaf jhkd Ahlkrt Khhgs (175<) yafn bgmkfahg sklanag tkrapg

kcjtge-rasgjfah atau \KR (\atgjfah-Kcjtgvk Rdkrapy). Ahlkrt ckclksar bahac

mkhuarna Wadubg bg Pgttslurn, Ackrgma Yyargmat. Bg usga rkcaoafya, lkhgau ckfoabg

atdkgst bgsklalmaf pkrikragaf mkbua glu lapafya.

Rkrapg kcjtge-rasgjfah ckfnafbagmaf ladawa cafusga skiara hadgrgad abahad

rasgjfah baf tgbam rasgjfah, hjngmah baf ngha (irazy). Khhgs ouna pkriaya ladawa sgeat

buaaf (buahgty) skiara skcuhaoabg gfg bgwargsg baf amaf tkrus bgpufyag afbagfya tgaba

apa-apa pkclkhaoaraf lkrhamu yafn amaf ckfnulad iara pkcgmgraf laru paba

gfbgvgbu. Khhgs tkhad ckfnnargsmaf sklkhas mkpkriayaaf tgbam rasgjfah yafn skrgfnmahg




1904

19

bgpufyag jhkd cafusga yafn ckfyusadmaf baf ljhkd ckfgcluhmaf pkhlanag

nafnnuaf kcjsg.

Maufskhjr bahac pkfbkmataf \KR gfg ckfnaclgh pkrafaf yafn amtge baf

tkrus (bgrkit). Maufskhjr lkreufnsg uftum ckfufoum arad, ckfnaoar baf

ckclktuhmaf mjnfgsg mhgkf. Khhgs tkhad ckfnkfah pastg lklkrapa igrg pkrglabg yafn

pkrhu bgpufyag jhkd maufskhjr yafn amaf ckfnnufamaf \KR. Ckrkma darushad ikrbgm,

lkrpkfnktaduaf huas, kcpatdktgm, tkmah, lkregmgraf sagftgegm, lkrcgfat uftum

ckfjhjfn jrafn baf ckrupamaf pkfnnufa tkmfgm \KR.

Rkrapg kcjtge-rasgjfah bgbapatg cubad bghamsafamaf baf lkrmksaf. Makbad gfg

lkrmksaf uftum bgnufamaf mk atas mhgkf rkcaoa. \KR lkrmksaf uftum ckfnatasg

casahad mkikharuaf aeekmtge, mkikharuaf mktamutaf baf pkfyksuagaf. Bg sacpgfn \KR,

afahgsgs trafsamsgjfah (trafsaitgjfah afahysgs) ckrupamaf ouna suatu makbad bahac

pkfbkmataf mjnfgtge.

Pkfbkmataf Aekmtge

Aftara makbad maufskhgfn bahac pkfbkmataf aeekmtge yafn pjpuhar gahad

maufskhgfn pkcusataf-gfsaf (pkrsjf-ikftkrkb ijufskhgfn) bggmutg bkfnaf maufskhgfn

—kxgstkftgah‗ baf tkrapg nkstaht.

Pkfbkmataf maufskhgfn pkcusataf-gfsaf bgpkrmkfahmaf jhkd Iarh \jnkrs yafn




1904

12

bglksarmaf bg Ghhgfjgs, Ackrgma Yyargmat bahac mkhuarna Mrgstgaf. Adhg bahac

pkfbkmataf gfg ckcpkriayag ladawa cafusga abahad uftum yafn lagm. Cafusga

ckcpufyag igrg-igrg pkrglabg pjsgtge, mjfstrumtge, skftgasa lkrtgfbam caou mk dabapaf,

rkahgstgm baf ljhkd bgpkriayag. Yktgap gfsaf skbar baf ckcpufyag baya nkramaf

uftum ckfiapag —pkfndamgmgaf mkfbgrg‗ (skhe -aituahgzatgjf). Paba pkfbapat \jnkrs,

pkfndamgmgaf mkfbgrg ckrupamaf arad cjtgvasg yafn ckfnaradmaf tgfnmadhamu

cafusga yafn ckcpkfnarudg bgrgfya sklanag cafusga mkskhurudaffya. Yktgap gfsaf

ckcpufyag mkikfbkrufnaf asas uftum lkrusada ckfiapag pkfndamgmgaf bgrg

sklkfar. Adhg tkjrg pkcusataf-gfsaf pkriaya sktgap gfsaf lkrupaya uftum ckfiarg

camfa pkrglabg bgrg baf tuouaf mkdgbupaf bg cuma lucg gfg.

Pkrafaf maufskhjr bahac pkfbkmataf gfg bgmatamaf lkrsgeat djhgstgm atau

mkskhurudaf. Maufskhjr amaf ckfkftumaf baf ckclkftum suasafa bg cafa mhgkf

ckrasag lklas uftum ckfkrjmag mkskhurud aspkm bgrgfya. Maufskhgfn bahac

pkfbkmataf gfg ckclkrgmaf tucpuaf mkpaba dulufnaf maufskhjr baf mhgkf.

Maufskhjr skftgasa lkrdatg-datg baf skbar bkfnaf ladasa, pkrmataaf baf nkramlahas

mhgkf.

Pkfbkmataf pkcusataf-gfsaf gfg lkroaya uftum ckfnatasg pkhlanag casahad

upaya ucpacafya casahad mkpgcpgfaf. Pkfyksuagaf psgmjhjngmah, casahad

pkclkhaoaraf, erustrasg baf lkroaya ckfjhjfn ckfnurafng sgeat-sgeat bkekfsge.

Pkfbkmataf Rgfnmad Hamu




1904

1;

Adhg tkjrg bkfnaf ckfnnufamaf pkfbkmataf tgfnmad hamu ckclkrgmaf

tucpuaf mkpaba pkhlanag lkftum tgfnmad hamu mhgkf. Adhg-adhg bahac pkfbkmataf gfg

pkriaya cafusga ckcpufyag casahad bgsklalmaf mktgbamupayaaf uftum ckfnulad

tgfnmad hamu sksuag bkfnaf mkdkfbam pkrskmgtaraf. Maufskhjr yafn ckfnnufamaf

makbad tgfnmad hamu lkrusada uftum ckfjhjfn mhgkffya saca aba ckfpkhaoarg

sksuatu yafn laru, lkrtgfnmad hamu skiara bgtkrgca atau iula uftum ckcjbgegmasg

atau ckfndapusmaf tgfnmad hamu yafn mktkrhahuaf.

Pkfbkmataf tgfnmad hamu skhahu bgnufamaf mk atas gfbgvgbu yafn ckcpufyag

casahad yafn spksgegm skpkrtg mkikharuaf camaf, pkfyahadnufaaf babad,

mktgbameufnsgaf skmsuah baf lklkrapa mkikharuaf hagf tkrcasumhad casahad

mktamutaf, tkmafaf, asskrtge, mkglulapaaf baf gftkramsg sjsgah.

L.E Ymgffkr ckrupamaf tjmjd tkrmkcuma yafn ckfnnufamaf pkfbkmataf

tgfnmad hamu. Lkhgau bghadgrmaf bg Pkfsyhvafga, Ackrgma Yyargmat. Mklafyamaf tkjrg

yafn bglkftum jhkd Ymgffkr lkrpufia bargpaba maogaf mk atas lgfatafn. Ymgffkr

pkriaya pkclkhaoaraf ckrupamaf pkfkftuaf pahgfn asas lkrdulufn bkfnaf tgfnmad

hamu cafusga.

Adhg maufskhgfn bkfnaf pkfbkmataf tgfnmad hamu pkriaya ladawa skcua

tgfnmad hamu yafn bgpkrdatgmaf jhkd gfbgvgbu saca aba yafn sksuag atau tgbam abahad

bgpkhaoarg. Pkrafaf maufskhjr bahac pkfbkmataf tgfnmad hamu abahad amtge skpafoafn

sksg maufskhgfn. Mhgkf amaf lkhaoar, mabafn maha tgbam lkhaoar atau lkhaoar skcuha




1904

15

tataiara yafn mdusus uftum tgfnmad hamu.

PKFBKMARAF MA[FYKHGFN CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE GYHAC

Maufskhgfn bgbkegfgsgmaf sklanag satu gftkramsg aftara bua gfbgvgbu gagtu

maufskhjr baf mhgkf, bahac mkabaaf prjeksgjfah baf lkrtuouaf uftum ckfjhjfn

mkpaba pkruladaf tgfnmad hamu mhgkf.

Bg bahac Gshac, maufskhgfn ckcpufyag pkfnkrtgaf baf mkbubumaf yafn

tkrskfbgrg. Gfg skharas bkfnaf tuftutaf Gshac gtu skfbgrg yafn lkrpafbumaf ah-Quraf

baf as-Yuffad. Mklafyamaf skftudaf maufskhgfn larat hklgd lkrtucpu mkpaba

pkruladaf tgfnmad hamu mhgkf mkarad hklgd rasgjfah baf ckfngmut nargs fjrcah dgbup

sklanag cafusga. Gfghad lkza utaca lanagcafa maufskhgfn lkrpkfbkmataf Gshac

bghgdat hklgd ckclkrg mksaf yafn ckfykhurud lang dgbup skskjrafn cushgc. Facuf

tgbam bgfaegmaf, tkmfgm baf naya pkfbkmataf maufskhgfn larat ljhkd ouna

bgaphgmasgmaf skcasa sksg maufskhgfn lkrhafnsufn.

Lkrmksaffya maufskhgfn lkrpkfbkmataf gshac gfg abahad mkrafa cathacat

amdgr yafn lkrlkza bkfnaf pkfbkmataf-pkfbkmataf hagf. Cathacat amdgr lang sksg

maufskhgfn gfg abahad ckfnmkdkfbamg mhgkf ckcadacg dulufnaf bkfnaf Ahhad swt,

dulufnaf bkfnaf camdhum-camdhum igptaaf Ahhad, tuouaf dgbup bufga baf cathacat

amdgr dgbup gfg.




1904

1>

Maufskhgfn lkrpkfbkmataf Gshac gfg ckfkmafmaf 2 pkrmara pkftgfn gagtu

pkclafnufaf rjd, amah, datg baf pkfngclafnaf faesu. Mkkcpat-kcpat pkrmara

tkrsklut ckrupamaf tucpuaf utaca bahac maufskhgfn pkfbkmataf gshac bgcafa

tuouaf amdgr maufskhgfn gfg abahad ckclawa cafusga ckfnkfah bgrg baf

Pkfigptafya.

1. Pkclafnufaf \jd

<.

Pkclafnufaf Amah

9. Pkclafnufaf Datg

2. Pkfngclafnaf Faesu

Pkclafnufaf \jd

Pkclafnufaf rjd ckrupamaf aspkm pahgfn pkftgfn bahac maufskhgfn Gshac.

Lghacafa rjd gtu subad cuha ckfnkfahg Ahhad, ckfigftag Ahhad, cuha tamut paba

Ahhad, yamgf paba Ahhad baf amur paba sknaha surudaf baf harafnaf Ahhad, cama

cafusga cuha ckfnktadug apa tuouaf dgbupfya.

Pkclafnufaf Amah

Ckclafnufmaf amah atau bahac mata hagf, pkfikradaf amah (ikhgm amah) bapat

ckclgclgfn cafusga mkpaba mkcuhgaaf baf mktgfnngaf baroat sklanag dacla bgsgsg

Ahhad swt. Amah egmgraf abahad acafad baf tafnnufnoawal bargpaba AHHAD yafn tgbam




1904

14

bghglatmaf mkpaba camdhum hagf bgcuma lucg. Amah egmgraf bapat ckclkzamaf

mklkfaraf baf mklatghaf , ouna aftara pktufoum (dgbayad) baf mksksataf.

Pkclafnufaf Datg

Pkclafnufaf datg lumaf sadaoa skmabar ckfucpumaf zgmgr pkclagmaf datg

baf sklanagfya, tktapg yafn hklgd utaca abahad ckcluafn baduhu sknaha mkmjtjraf

yafn hadgr barg bjsa baf camsgat yafn bghamumaf. Datg cafusga glarat lkljha maia

yafn okrfgd baf lkrsgfar. Afbag ga bgmghau bkfnaf iadaya yafn lkfar-lkfar tkrafn,

cama pafiaraffya amaf ckfoabg skcamgf ckfykrhad baf ckfargm jrafn hagf uftum

ckhgdatfya. Datg yafn khjm lkrupaya ckclkrg ghdac mkpaba cafusga tkftafn

damgmat bgrgfya baf ouna Pkfigptafya gagtu Ahhad swt.

Pkfngclafnaf Faesu

Ckfnapa tgbam bgmatamaf pkfndapusaf atau pkrhupusaf faesu: Gfg mkrafa

cafusga ouna ckckrhumaf faesu bahac mkdgbupaffya. Faesu yafn bggclafn bkfnaf

datg yafn okrfgd, rud yafn bglafnufmaf baf amah yafn tkrpgcpgf amaf cacpu

ckclawa cafusga mkarad mkskoadtkraaf hadgrgad baf latgffgad. Ijftjdfya, camaf

abahad satu amtgvgtg bahac mkdgbupaf. Afbag faesu oadat yafn ckfnuasag faesu

camaf, cama mgta amaf camaf skiara lkrhklgdaf skdgfnna hadgrgad ckfoabg cahas,

baf gcpam yafn hklgd lurum amaf ckfgcpa latgffgad skdgfnna ckfyklalmaf

rjsamfya datg baf ogwa.




1904

17

BKEGFGYG PYGMJHJNG

Paba basarfya, casyaramat ucuc subad camhuc bkfnaf lgbafn psgmjhjng

yafn subad skmgaf haca sgfjfgc sklanag satu lgbafn yafn lkrmagtaf skiara hafnsufn

bkfnaf mkskoadtkraaf gfbgvgbu baf casyaramat atau skiara mdususfya mkskoadtkraaf

baf mksgdataf ckftah wahaupuf paba mklafyamaf casa ga skrgfn bgtaesgrmaf atau

bgmagtmaf bkfnaf mktgbam skoadtkraaf atau mkikharuaf gfbgvgbu mdususfya mkikharuaf

atau nafnnuaf ckftah, pkfykmgt ogwa, pkfyahadnufaaf babad baf mktangdaf ahmjdjh,

mkikharuaf skmsuah, tkmafaf baf sklanagfya. [bad skmgaf haca casyaramat hklgd

ckhgdat psgmjhjng sklanag satu pkrmdgbcataf mdusus uftum gfbgvgbu yafn tgbam waras

cgfbafya atau yafn samgt cktahfya. Mgfg, subad sacpag wamtufya uftum sktgap

njhjfnaf cafyaramat ckcadacg ladawa pkrmdgbcataf psgmjhjng ckrupamaf satu

lgbafn mkghcuaf baf ouna prjeksgjf yafn acat huas smjpfya, lumaf dafya tkrdab

ckclkrg mdgbcatfya mkpaba gfbgvgbu yafn tgbam waras atau tgbam fjrcah, tktapg

ouna mkpaba gfbgvgbu yafn sgdat, waras baf skcpurfa, tktapg lkrcasahad baf

tkfnnkhac pufia bkfnaf casahad ckrkma skrta tgbam ckcpufyag makbad

pkfykhksagaf yafn lkrsksuagaf lang ckfnatasg casahad ckrkma.

Gstghad psgmjhjng lkrasah barg pkrmataaf —psyidk‗ baf bgaclgh barg gstghad Nrkkm

purla yafn lkrcamsub ogwa tau yafn lkrmagtaf bkfnaf mkogwaaf. Psgmjhjng abahad

sagfs tkrdabap tgfnmadhamu baf tkrdabap prjsks-prjsks ckftah cafusga (Idarhks,

1779). Bahac krtg mata hagf, ga bgtamrgemaf sklanag satu lgbafn ghcu yafn ckfnmaog

prjsks ckftah baf tgfnmadhamu cafusga lkrbasarmaf mkpaba makbad-makbad yafn

lkrsgeat sagftgegm. Adhg psgmjhjng lkrnaftufn mkpaba makbad pkckrdatgaf baf




1904

<0

pkfghagaf, uogaf baf pkfnumuraf, ckhamumaf maogaf camcah skiara sgstkcatgm baf

sklanagfya bahac ckfkrafnmaf, ckfoafnmamaf baf ckfnawah prjsks ckftah baf

pkruladaf tgfnmadhamu yafn lkrhamu bahac bgrg cafusga. Lgbafn psgmjhjng lkrusada

ckfkrafnmaf ckfnapa skskjrafn gfbgvgbu lkrtgfbam atau ckhamumaf sksuatu

pkrluataf bkfnaf ckfnmaog baf kcfiarg oawapaf skrta cjtge bg sklahgm tgfnmadhamu

yafn ckrkma hamumaf. Ckrkma ouna iula ckfnmaog ckfnapa sksktkfnad gfbgvgbu

lkrtgfbam fjrcah cafamaha yafn hagf puha lkrtgfbam skiara tgbam fjrcah, bg huar

mawahaf amah yafn waras baf skiara anrksge. Yktkrusfya, bkfnaf oawapaf yafn aba,

adhg psgmjhjng amaf ckrafnma prjnrac baf stratkng bahac usada ckfnawah gfbgvgbu

anar skftgasa lkrtgfnmadhamu bahac hgfnmufnaf fjrca-fjrca curfg yafn tkhad

bgtktapmaf bahac casyaramat.

PK\LAFBGFNAF BG AFRA\A PKFBKMARAF PYGMJHJNG CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE

LA\AR BAF GYHAC

PKFBKMARAF PYGMJHJNG CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE LA\AR

Psgmjhjng bgbkegfgsgmaf sklanag maogaf sagftgegm tkftafn tgfnmadhamu baf prjsks

ckftah jrnafgsck. Rgna gbka pkftgfn bahac bkegfgsg gfg gahad= 'sagftgegm', 'tgfnmadhamu'

baf 'prjsks ckftah'.

Yagftgegm lkrcamfa maogaf yafn bghamumaf baf bata yafn bgmucpuhmaf

ckfngmutg prjskbur yafn sgstkcatgm. Gagtu, bkfnaf ckfngmutg hafnmad-hafnmad

lkrgmut?




1904

<1

1. Fyatamaf casahad & tkftumaf dgpjtksgs yafn dkfbam bgmaog

<. \kma lkftum maogaf & tkftumaf tkmfgm pkfnucpuhaf bata

9. Pkfnucpuhaf bata & ckhamumaf afahysgs bata

2. Ckhapjrmaf pkfkcuaf uftum ckcastgmaf skoaud cafamaf dgpjtgksgs bapat

bglumtgmaf.

^ahau puf makbad sagftgegm bggmutg, adhg-adhg psgmjhjng pkrhu ckcluat pkhlanag

gfekrkf atau taesgraf lkrbasarmaf bapataf yafn bgpkrjhkdg. Gfg abahad mkrafa sulokm

yafn bgmaog abahad dagwaf baf cafusga baf tgbam skpkrtg sksuatu skh (spkrtg bahac

maogaf lgjhjng) atau ladaf mgcga (skpkrtg bahac maogaf mgcga) yafn skiara

pkrlafbgfnaf hklgd stalgh. Cafamaha ckfnmaog tgfnmadhamu dagwaf atau cafusga

ckckfafnhad sumar baf ckckrhumaf mkrap ckcluat gfekrkf atau taesgraf.

Ykpkrtg lgbafn-lgbafn sagfs hagf, psgmjhjng lkrasah skladangaf bargpaba

eahsaead. Psgmjhjng yafn bgmaog skiara sagftgegm lkrcuha paba amdgr alab mk 17 baf

ucur lgbafn gfg abahad hklgd murafn 100 taduf= anam cuba ogma bglafbgfn bkfnaf

bgsgphgf-bgsgphgf hagf. Rucpuaf bgsgphgf psgmjhjng paba awahfya gahad ckfnmaog baf

ckcadacg lanagcafa cafusga atau jrnafgsck ckfnktadug atau lkhaoar. Mkcubgaf,

psgmjhjng tkrladang-ladang mkpaba sul-bgsgphgf hagf skpkrtg psgmjhjng pkrmkclafnaf,

psgmjhjng sjsgah, psgmjhjng jrnafgsasg, psgmjhjng maufskhgfn baf hagf-hagf.

Adhg-adhg eahsaead tkhad haca iula ckfkrafnmaf apa gtu pkfnktaduaf/ghcu,

lanagcafa cafusga ckfnuasag pkfnktaduaf/ghcu atau ckfnktadug sksuatu baf




1904

<<

lanagcafa cafusga ckfnnufamaf pkfnktaduaf gtu.

Cufnmgf tkjrg yafn tkrtua lkrmkfaaf pkfnktaduaf gahad Rkjrg Yahgfaf (Ijpy

Rdkjry) yafn bgiabafnmaf jhkd adhg eahsaead Wufafg Ahicakjf, Kcpkbjihks baf

Bkcjirgtus paba alab mk2 & mk; sklkhuc casgdg. Ckfurut tkjrj gfg mgta ckhgdat

sksuatu jlokm afb sahgfaf jlokm gtu tkrlkftum bahac cgfba mgta. Jhkd gtu mgta

ckfnktadug jlokm gtu ckhahug sahgfaf yafn lkraba bahac cgfba mgta.

Adhg-adhg eahsaead yafn batafn mkcubgaf ckfjham tkjrg sahgfaf. Ckfurut

ckrkma pkrwamghaf (sahgfaf) cufnmgf tgbam ckrupamaf jlokm asah baf skmgrafya mgta

dafya ckfnktadug sahgfaf, abahad sumar uftum ckfkftumaf ladawa sahgfaf gtu

abahad tkpat. Adhg-adhg eahsaead rkahgsck (rkahgsc) skpkrtg Rdjcas \kgb ckfjham

mjfskp sahgfaf baf ckfiabafnmaf ladawa mgta ckfnktadug tkftafn sksuatu jlokm

skiara hafnsufn tafpa ckhahug pkrwamghaf atau sahgfaf. Casahad bkfnaf pkfkrafnaf

gfg gahad= ogma mgta ckfnktadug sksuatu skiara hafnsufn, ckfnapa mgta skhahu

ckcluat mksghapaf. Ijftjdfya, sksuatu lgftgm paba haftag mgta safnmamaf abahad

skkmjr skrafnna yafn sklkfarfya abahad tgtgm iat yafn tkrtgfnnah.

Mkcubgaf tkrbapat adhg-adhg eahsaead gbkahgsck (gbkahgsck) yafn ckfjham

saca skmahg jlokm. Lang ckrkma apa yafn tkrbapat bahac cgfba mgta gahad gbka=

skcua pkfnktaduaf mgta tkrbgrg bargpaba gbka baf lumaf pkrmara atau lkfba.

Pkfnasas psgmjhjng cjbkf lkrcuha bg Krjpad bkfnaf ^ghdkhc ^ufbt yafn




1904

<9

pkrtaca ckfuludmaf camcah psgmjhjng. Rucpuaf psgmjhjng awah gahad ckfnmaog

aspkm-aspkm skfsasg (skfsatgjf), pkrskpsg (pkrikptgjf) baf tucpuaf. (attkftgjf).

Dkrcaff Kllgfndaus, skjrafn Okrcaf, ckrupamaf adhg psgmjhjng yafn pkrtaca

ckfnmaog pkclkhaoaraf skiara sagftgegm. Paba taduf 14>7, bga ckfnnufamaf bgrgfya

skfbgrg sklanag sulokm bahac kmspkrgckf yafn ckfnmaog pkclkhaoaraf baf gfnataf.

Lkhgauhad yafn ckcpkrmkfahmaf uogaf 'magtaf lklas' (erkk assjigatgjf) yafn

ckfnuog magtaf aftara pkrmataaf yafn bglkrgmaf jhkd pkfykhgbgm baf pkrmataaf yafn

pkrmataaf yafn lkrgmaf jhkd sulokm.

Kllgfndaus ouna tkrmkfah bkfnaf kmspkrgckf yafn ckfufoummaf ekfjckfa

gfnataf bgmahafnaf cafusga. Bahac taduf 144;, bga ckfoahafmaf satu ksmpkrgckf

yafn ckfufoummaf ladawa mabar hupaaf hklgd mktara paba pkrcuhaaf (;;% skhkpas

1 oac) baf lkrmurafnaf sktkrusfya (12% skhkpas 91 darg).

Rgfnmadhamu gahad apa oua amtgvgtg yafn bapat bgpkrdatgmaf, bgrkmjb baf

bgumur. Rgfnmadhamu ouna bapat bgpkrdatgmaf apalgha gfbgvgbu ckfyklut atau ckfuhgs

sksuatu. Cgsah mata, iatataf skjrafn tkftafn mktamutaffya atau sgmapfya ckrupamaf

tgfnmadhamu.

Prjsks Ckftah ckrafnmucg sknaha prjsks-prjsks yafn tkrhglat bkfnaf

pkcgmgraf, gfnataf, pkclkhaoaraf, sgmap, kcjsg baf sklanagfya. Gfghad ckfoabg

tucpuaf adhg-adhg psgmjhjng tktapg casahadfya gahad prjsks-prjsks gfg tgbam ljhkd




1904

<2

bghgdat baf sumar ckrkmjb baf ckfnumur bkfnaf tkpat. Jhkd paba paba taduf 50af,

adhg-adhg kfnnaf ckfkrgca maogaf ckfnkfag prjsks-prjsks gfg mkrafa ga tgbam ljhkd

bgoahafmaf skiara sagftgegm. Lanagcafa puf parabgnca tkhad lkrulad baf bkfnaf

makbad-makbad laru, maogaf ckfnkfag prjsks-prjsks ckftah bgtkrgca sklanag

psgmjhjng.

PKFBKMARAF PYGMJHJNG CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE GYHAC

Damgmat psgmjhjng Gshac bapat bgrucusmaf sklanag "satu ialafn ghcu gshac

yafn lkrdulufnaf bkfnaf aspkm-aspkm baf pkrghamu mkogwaaf cafusga, anar skiara

skbar ga bapat ckclkftum muahgtg bgrg yafn hklgd skcpurfa baf ckfbapatmaf

mkladangaaf dgbup bg bufga baf amdgrat.–

Psgmjhjng Gshac subad skpatutfya ckfoabg waiafa sagfs yafn jlokmtge. Ladmaf

ljhkd bgmatamaf tkhad ckfiapag tadap ghcgad. Afnnapaf ladwa Psgmjhjng Gshac tgbam

ckfiapag tadap ghcgad abahad tgbam lkfar, sklal Psgmjhjng Gshac tkhad ckhacpaug

latas-latas ghcgad. Jlokmtge suatu ghcu dafyahad pkrsjahaf mkskpamataf, yafn

mrktkrgafya lumaf dafya muaftgtatge ckhagfmaf ouna muahgtatge.

Psgmjhjng larat tkhad ckfbapatmaf "gocam" barg mahafnaf ghcuaf larat.

Bkcgmgaf ouna Psgmjhjng Gshac tkhad ckfbapatmaf "gocam" barg mahafnaf ghcuaf gshac

puha. Ogma jrafn hagf lkrafg ckfjfojhmaf pkcgmgraf psgmjhjng ckhahug tafnnapaf

ckrkma skfbgrg skrta ckfbamwa mkalsadaffya, ckfnapa mgta ghcuaf gshac tgbam




1904

<;

lkrafg ckhamumaf dah yafn saca, gagtu ckfjfojhmaf pkcgmgraf Psgmjhjng Gshac

lkrbasarmaf Gshac:

Dahh baf Hgfbzky ckfyatamaf ladwa tjmjd lksar skpkrtg Erkub, Oufn baf

CiBjunahh tgbam dafya lkrgoazad bahac ghcu pkrulataf, tktapg ouna adhg psgmjtkrapg.

Dah gfg ckfufoummaf pkfnkclafnaf psgmjhjng yafn bglawa jhkd ckrkma abahad

lkrsuclkr barg prjeksgjf baf hgfnmufnaf ghcu pkrulataf baf lumaf lkrasah barg

pkfkhgtgaf amabkcgm.

Para pkckrdatg, pkfnafahgsa baf pkfkhgtg bgsgphgf psgmjhjng amdgr-madgr gfg

tkhad ckcluma okfbkha uftum —ckfngftgp‗ waiafa yafn lkrmkclafn bg bahac

mdazafad Gshac. Ckrkma skbar ladwa Psgmjhjng Larat laru lkrusga bua alab. Pabadah

maogaf baf pkfnacahaf mkogwaaf bahac Gshac tkhad haca lkrmkclafn. Ckrkma

ckfnktadug mkbahacaf ghcu gshac hahu ckrkma ckfkrjma baf iula ckfjfojhmaffya.

Dahh baf Hgfbzky tkhad ckfuhgs satu lal mdusus uftum —Psgmjhjng Rgcur‗.

Ckfurutfya sahad satu suclkr yafn maya barg psgmjhjng yafn bgrucusmaf bkfnaf

lagm abahad barg anaca-anaca tgcur. Bahac bufga Gshac, para sueg (pkfnacah aoaraf

tasawwue) tkhad lkrtgfbam sklanag para psgmjhjngs rjdafg. Gfghad pkfnamuaf ouour

ckrkma.

Rasaue ckrupamaf bgckfsg rjdafg (latgfgad) bahac Gshac yafn ckclgiaramaf

strumtur ogwa, bgfacgma prjsks baf pkrmkclafnaffya, pkfyamgt ogwa baf tkrapgfya,




1904

<5

prjsks pkfkcpaaf bgrg bg bufga spgrgtuah (suhum), prjsks pkfyuigaf ogwa (tazmgyad ah-

faes) baf iara-iara ckfoana mksgdataf ckftah. Aspkm-aspkm gfg bahac sagfs cjbkrf

casum mk bahac wghayad psgmjhjng. Bkcgmagafmad skbgmgt mupasaf tkrdabap psgmjhjng

atau maufskhgfn gshac yafn cuha ckfbapat tkcpat bg ogwa jrafn-jrafn yafn

igftamaf Gshac baf ghcu gshac.

Bkegfgsg psgmjhjng gshac bg atas ckfnafbufn tgna ufsur utaca?

1. Maogaf ghcu-ghcu Gshac

<. Pkrghamu ogwa cafusga

9. Fghag kstktgma

Maogaf ghcu-ghcu Gshac

Psgmjhjng Gshac ckrupamaf sahad satu barg maogaf ghcu-ghcu mkgshacaf. Ga

ckcghgmg mkbubumaf yafn saca bkfnaf bgsgphgf ghcu mkgshacaf yafn hagf, skpkrtg

Kmjfjcg Gshac, Yjsgjhjng Gshac, Pjhgtgm Gshac, Mklubayaaf Gshac, baf sklanagafya.

‘Gshac– bg sgfg lkrcamsub ijram, iara pafbafn, pjha pkcgmgraf, parabgnca baf

ahgraf. Camsubfya psgmjhjng yafn bglafnufmaf bkfnaf naya lkregmgr sklanagcafa

yafn lkrhamu paba trabgsg mkghcuaf bahac Gshac skdgfnna bapat ckclkftum ahgraf

tkrskfbgrg yafn ufgm baf lkrlkza bkfnaf psgmjhjng larat.

Rkftufya dah gtu tgbam tkrhkpas barg mkrafnma jftjhjng (damgmat ogwa),




1904

<>

kpgstgcjhjng (lanagcafa iara ckcpkhaoarg ogwa) baf amsgjhjng (tuouaf ckcpkhaoarg

ogwa) bahac Gshac. Ckhahug mkrafnma gfg cama amaf tkrigpta lklkrapa ladangaf

psgmjhjng bahac Gshac, skpkrtg Psgmjpatjhjng Gshac, Psgmjtkrapg Gshac, Psgmjhjng Bgf

Gshac, Psgmjhjng Pkrmkclafnaf Gshac baf Psgmjhjng Yjsgah Gshac.

Pkrghamu ogwa cafusga

Psgmjhjng Gshac ckclgiaramaf aspkm-aspkm baf pkrghamu mkogwaaf cafusga.

Aspkm-aspkm mkogwaaf bahac Gshac skpkrtg ah-rud, ah-faes, ah-mahl, ah-`aqh, ah-bdacgr,

ah-hull, ah-eu‗ab, ah-sgrr, baf ah-egtdrad. Yktgap aspkm tkrsklut ckcghgmg kmsgstkfsg,

bgfacgsck, prjsks, eufnsg, baf pkrghamu yafn pkrhu bgmaog ckhahug ah-Qur‗af, ah-

Yuffad, skrta barg mdazafad pkcgmgraf Gshac.

Psgmjhjng Gshac tgbam dafya ckfkmafmaf pkrghamu mkogwaaf tktapg

ckclgiaramaf skiara ckfbahac krtg ogwa gtu skfbgrg. Yklanag satu eamuhtg gfsaf, ogwa

cafusga lkrsgeat pufya pjtkfsg baf pkrhamuaf yafn safnat tkrnaftufn paba usada.

Gfg ckfufoummaf psgmjhjng Gshac ckfnamug abafya mkskbaraf baf mklklasaf

cafusga uftum lkregmgr, lkrmkdkfbam, baf lkrsgmap skiara skbar. ^ahaupuf lkngtu

mklklasaf tkrsklut tktap bahac latas-latas suffad-suffad Ahhad Ywt.

Fghag kstktgma

Psgmjhjng Gshac sarat bkfnaf fghag ktgma mkrafa Psgmjhjng Gshac ckcghgmg tuouaf




1904

<4

yafn damgmg baf ckrafnsafn mkskbaraf bgrg anar cacpu ckclkftum muahgtg bgrg yafn

hklgd skcpurfa uftum mkladangaaf bg bufga baf amdgrat. Cafusga bghadgrmaf bahac

sgtuasg tgbam ckfnktadug apa-apa hahu ga tuclud baf lkrmkclafn uftum ckfiapag

muahgtg dgbup.

Psgmjhjng Gshac ckrupamaf sahad satu bgsgphgf yafn ckclaftu skskjrafn

uftum ckcadacg kmsprksg bgrg, amtuahgsasg bgrg, rkahgsasg bgrg, mjfskp bgrg, igtra bgrg,

darna bgrg, mkskbaraf bgrg, ckfnuasag bgrg lagm uftum bgrg skfbgrg baf jrafn hagf. Ogma

bahac pkcadacaf bgrg tkrsklut bgtkcumaf abafya pkfygcpafnaf pkrghamu cama

Psgmjhjng Gshac lkrusada ckfawarmaf lkrlanag mjfskp yafn lkrsuclkrmaf ghadgyad.

Gfg lkrtuouaf uftum ckfnaradmaf muahgtg dgbup yafn hklgd lagm skrta

ckfnkiapg fgmcat mkladangaaf dgbup bg skpafoafn zacaf. gfg lkrcamfa

ckcpkhaoarg psgmjhjng Gshac bapat ckclkrg mkladangaaf bgrg skfbgrg baf jrafn hagf.

Lumaf ckfaclad casahad laru skpkrtg dgbup bahac mktkrasgafnaf, mknkrsafnaf,

baf mknkhgsadaf.

BKEGFGYG MKDGB[PAF LK\M[AHGRG

Muahgtg lkrcamsub baroad mkikckrhafnaf lgasafya yafn tgfnng baf lkrcutu,

cafamaha pkrmataaf dgbup lkrcamsub tkrus lkrfyawa, lkrfaeas atau tgfnnah bg

mkbgacaf. \gfnmasfya muahgtg dgbup lkrcamsub mkabaaf dgbup baf pkrskmgtaraf

tkcpat tgfnnah yafn tgfnng cutufya baf ikckrhafn ckhklgdg tadap cgfgca atau

lgasa.




1904

<7

Muahgtg dgbup lkrcamfa mkdgbupaf yafn lagm baf bgpkriayag ladawa

mkdgbupaf yafn lagm gfg lkrsacaaf ckfoahafg mkdgbupaf bkfnaf muahgtg yafn tgfnng.

Gstghad pkrulataf ckfnnufamaf mjfskp muahgtg dgbup yafn skcpgt gagtu

ckfnnaclarmaffya sklanag sahad satu eamtjr skgrgfn bkfnaf pkfacladlagmaf

prjbum-prjbum pkrulataf. Muahgtg dgbup skdarusfya lkrmagt bkfnaf mktgfnngaf

pkrgfnmat mkdgbupaf cafusga yafn lgasa ( Ukftknjbt, <009?1091 ).

Ykhagf gtu, muahgtg dgbup ouna bgtamrgemaf sklanag mkikckrhafnaf mkdgbupaf

cafusga yafn ckclawa mkpaba mkskoadtkraaf casyaramat. Muahgtg dgbup

casyaramat ljhkd bgtgfnmatmaf barg skcasa mk skcasa skharas bkfnaf pkclafnufaf

cafusga bg bahac sksluad fknara ( Azkcg Idk Dacgb, <005?999 ).

Muahgtg dgbup ckfurut Haghy kt ah. ( <00<?22-2; ) puha, lkrmagt rapat bkfnaf

pkrskpsg gfbgvgbu tkrdabap mkdgbupaf ckrkma saca aba ckcuasmaf atau tgbam.

Pkrskpsg gfg lkrasasmaf pkfghagaf yafn bgluat tkrdabap mkpuasaf yafn bgrasag

bargpaba mkgfngfaf yafn bgiapag atau tgbam. Ckfurut Pkrsatuaf Lafnsa-lafnsa

Lkrsatu, muahgtg dgbup ckruoum mkpaba aspkm mkskoadtkraaf dgbup yafn bgahacg,

mkpuasaf tkrdabap mkpkrhuaf baf mkdkfbam, mkskoadtkraaf egzgmah, pkfnnufaaf

catkrgah baf lumaf catkrgah skrta mklklasaf cafusga.

Mjfskp muahgtg dgbup ckhglatmaf pkruladaf bahac casyaramat baf sgstkc

sjsgah bargpaba mkabaaf yafn bgafnnap tgbam ckcuasmaf mkpaba mkabaaf yafn hklgd

lagm. Bkcgmgaf gtu, muahgtg dgbup ckrafnmucg skcua aspkm tkrcasum pkclafnufaf




1904

90

kmjfjcg, sjsgah, psgmjhjng, mklubayaaf, pjhgtgm baf ahac skmgtar. Bg Cahaysga, muahgtg

dgbup bgtamrgemaf sklanag ckrafnmucg mkcaouaf bgrg, naya dgbup yafn sgdat, amsks

baf mklklasaf uftum ckfbapatmaf pkfnktaduaf baf ckfgmcatg tarae dgbupyafn

ckhklgdg mkpkrhuaf asas baf psgmjhjng gfbgvgbu uftum ckfiapag tadap mkskoadtkraaf

sjsgah yafn skgrgfn bkfnaf dasrat.

Muahgtg dgbup ouna bghgdat sklanag ckrafnmucg skhurud ruafn hgfnmup lgbafn

mkdgbupaf cafusga gtu skfbgrg. Gfg abahad mkrafa sktgap bgsgphgf mkdgbupaf gtu

ckfyuclafn mkpaba pkrasaaf, mkpuasaf baf camfa mkladangaaf baf mkskhksaaf

dgbup yafn skftgasa bgiarg baf bgusadamaf jhkd cafusga.

PK\LAFBGFNAF BG AFRA\A MKDGB[PAF LK\M[AHGRG CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE

LA\AR BAF GYHAC

M[AHGRG DGB[P CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE LA\AR

Rkrbapat lklkrapa tkjrg yafn ckclgfiafnmaf ckfnkfag muahgtg dgbup

ckfurut pkrspkmtge larat. Aftara tkjrg yafn ckclgfiafnmaf tkftafn muahgtg dgbup

ckfurut pkrspkmtge larat abahad tkjrg Cashjw, tkjrg rkahgtg baf tkjrg Gftknratge.

Rjmjd yafn ckcpkrmkfahmaf tkjrg Mkpkrhuaf gagtu Alradac Cashjw

(Cashjw‗s dgkraridy je fkkbs) bahac Rjwarbs a Psyidjhjny je Lkgfn (175<) tkhad

ckclafnufmaf satu tkjrg ckfnkfag muahgtg dgbup. Rkjrg gfg casgd bgafnnap

mjfsgstkf tkftafn muahgtg dgbup sktkhad dacpgr skhkpas 20 taduf. Rkjrg Cashjw




1904

91

abahad lkrtuouaf uftum pkclafnufaf mk arad mknkclgraaf atas mjfskp mkpkrhuaf

skrta mkdkfbam cafusga. Bahac tkjrg Cashjw, ckfkrafnmaf ladawa ‘mkwuoubaf

psgmjhjng skcpurfa mkfbgrg– lkrbasarmaf pkclafnufaf pkrsjfah gfbgvgbu. Lkhgau

ckhktammaf hapaf pkrgfnmat mkpkrhuaf cafusga lang mrgtkrga mkdgbupaf yafn lagm

uftum ckfghag muahgtg dgbup. Cashjw ckclgfa tkjrgfya bahac lkftum tafnna dgkrarmg

mkpkrhuaf cafusga lang ckfokhasmaf tkjrgfya.

Ckfurut Cashjw bahac tkjrgfya tkrsklut, tkrbapat hapaf mkpkrhuaf bahac

ckhgdat pkroahafaf dgbup cafusga. Hapaf dgkrarmg mkpkrhuaf gfg tkrladang mkpaba

tgna pkrgfnmat gagtu pkrgfnmat asas, pkrgfnmat pkrtkfnadaf baf pkrgfnmat atas.

Pkrgfnmat asas dgkrarmg ckrafnmucg mkpkrhuaf asas yafn pkrtaca egsgjhjng abahad

skpkrg camafaf, pamagaf baf tgbur, mkpkrhuaf asas mkbua abahad mkpkrhuaf

mkskhacataf yafn ckrafnmucg tkcpat tgfnnah uftum mkskhacataf bgrg, mkpkrhuaf

asas mktgna abahad mkpkrhuaf masgd sayafn skpkrtg ckfoabg mkpufyaaf skskjrafn baf

mkpkrhuaf asas yafn mkkcpat abahad bgdjrcatg. Cafamaha, pkrgfnmat mkpkrhuaf

pkrtkfnadaf dgkrarmg ckrafnmucg mkpkrhuaf pkrtkfnadaf yafn mkhgca gagtu

mkpkrhuaf uftum pkfnktaduaf baf mkeadacaf skpkrtg eadac tkftafn bgrg baf

bufgafya baf mkpkrhuaf pkrtkfnadaf yafn mkkfac gagtu mkpkrhuaf uftum mrkatgvgtg

fghag ktkstgma. Pkrgfnmat mkpkrhuaf yafn tkramdgr abahad pkrgfnmat atas yafn

ckrafnmucg mkpkrhuaf atas yafn mktuoud gagtu mkpkrhuaf uftum skcpurfa mkfbgrg (

skhe-aituahgzatgjf ) lang ckfykbarg camfa dgbup pkrsjfah baf amdgr skmahg lang

pkrgfnmat atas yafn ckrafnmucg mkpkrhuaf atas yafn mkhapaf gagtu mkpkrhuaf uftum

ckfoafnmaug atau ufnnuh bgcafa mkpkrhuaf gfg uftum ckfoabg skskjrafn yafn




1904

9<

lkrgftknrasg baf lkrfghag bargpaba skladangaf bufga gfg.

Rkjrg yafn sktkrusfya yafn ckclgfiafnmaf ckfnkfag muahgtg dgbup lang

pkrspkmtge larat abahad tkjrg rkahgtg. Rjmjd yafn ckcpkrmkfahmaf tkjrg rkahgtg gahad

^ghhgac Nhasskr. Ckfurut ^ghhgac Nhasskr bahac tkjrgfya ckfyatamaf ladawa sktgap

gfbgvgbu bg bahac cgfba casgfn-casgfn subad tkrlkftum naclaraf bufga atau

naclaraf yafn aba bg cgfba casgfn-casgfn gagtu satu mkdgbupaf yafn

ckcladangamaf bgrg skfbgrg skpkrtg syurna. Ykhagf gtu, ckfurut lkhgau, ckfyatamaf

ladawa gfbgvgbu ckcpufyag pghgdaf yafn ljhkd bgluat. Gfg ckfnnaclarmaf tadap

mkcatafnaf mgta lkrbasarmaf pghgdaf.

Muahgtg dgbup ckfurut ^ghhgac Nhasskr subad wuoub bahac dgbup casgfn-

casgfn. Jhkd gtu, sktgap gfbgvgbu ckcpufyag cathacat tkrskfbgrg. Muahgtg dgbup

bgtkftumaf jhkd bgrg skfbgrg baf skftgasa lkrulad ckfngmut casa baf ckcpufyag

cathacat. Muahgtg dgbup gfg ouna ckfurut tkjrg ^ghhgac Nhasskr, sktgap cafusga aba

pghgdaf skfbgrg baf lkrlkza aftara cafusga zacaf baduhu baf cafusga zacaf

skmarafn. Ijftjdfya gahad muahgtg dgbup lang cat rkcpgt abahad lkrlkza bkfnaf

pknawag pkrulataf. Bahac krtg mata hagf, sktgap gfbgvgbu ckcpufyag muahgtg dgbup

yafn lkrlkza-lkza. Ykhagf gtu, muahgtg dgbup ckrupamaf mkabaaf ckclafnmgtmaf

skcafnat bgrg sktgap gfbgvgbu, ckcladangamaf bgrg casgfn-casgfn bgcafa muahgtg

dgbup tgbam ljhkd dgbup lkrskfbgrgaf yafn ckckrhumaf pkfnhglataf jrafn bahac

dgbup sktgap gfbgvgbu yafn ckcladangamaf bgrg casgfn-casgfn baf sktgap gfbgvgbu

pkrhu ckfndarnag muahgtg dgbup casgfn-casgfn.




1904

99

Ykhagf gtu, bahac usada sktgap gfbgvgbu gfngf ckfnkiapg muahgtg dgbup,

gfbgvgbu-gfbgvgbu tgbam bapat ckfnkham bargpaba lkrgftkramsg bkfnaf jrafn hagf.

Bahac krtg mata hagf, cafusga pkrhu skftgasa iula lkrusada lkrdulufn bkfnaf

sksaca skfbgrg yafn ckcladangamaf bgrg skfbgrg uftum ckfnkiapg muahgtg dgbup.

Lkrdulufn ckfurut tkjrg ^ghhgac Nhasskr abahad pkrhu lkrsgeat bua daha, tgbam ljhkd

ckcamsa baf lkrsafbarmaf mkpaba rasa djrcat. Yklanag ijftjdfya gahad Ahg gfngf

lkrmawaf bkfnaf Azcaf tktapg Azcaf tgbam cadu lkrmawaf bkfnaf Ahg, cama, Ahg

pkrhu djrcat bkfnaf mkputusaffya. Ijftjd hagf gahad Bzareaf tgbam ljhkd ckcamsa

suragfa uftum lkrigfta bkfnaffya tktapg Bzareaf ljhkd ckfargm Yuragfa oatud igfta

bkfnaf bga ckhahug tgfnmad hamu. Bahac krtg mata hagf, uftum lkrigfta bkfnaf

skskjrafn, iara tgfnmad hamu amaf ckfargm jrafn hagf uftum lkrigfta bkfnaf bgrg mgta.

Lkrdulufn abahad pkftgfn bahac mkdgbupaf sktgap cafusga mkrafa tafpa

lkrdulufn, gfbgvgbu amaf nanah. Yklanag ijftjdfya gahad skmgrafya glu lapa luafn

layg mktgma bghadgrmaf mkrafa glu lapa ckfnafnnap layg gtu satu lklafaf, cama ga

putus dulufnaf bkfnaf layg tkrsklut ( bgsijffkit ).

Ykhagf gtu, ckfurut tkjrg rkahgtg yafn bgutaramaf jhkd ^ghhgac Nhasskr, lkhgau

ckfyatamaf ladawa cafusga bghadgrmaf bkfnaf ; mkpkrhuaf asas gagtu lkhjfngfn,

pjwkr, euf, erkkbjc, baf survgvah. ^ghhgac Nhasskr ckfyatamaf ladawa ckhahug

lkrdulufn baf attaidckft ckhgputg ; mkpkrhuaf asas gagtu mkpkrhuaf dgkrarmg

Cashjw yafn pkrtaca gagtu mkpkrhuaf masgd sayafn ( lkhjfngfn ) bahac usada

ckfnkiapg muahgtg dgbup. Ckfurut lkhgau, masgd sayafn acat pkftgfn bahac

mkpkrhuaf psgmjhjng bgcafa bkfnaf masgd sayafn, sktgap gfbgvgbu bapa ckrasamaf bgrg




1904

92

bgsayafng baf bgpufyag. Ykhagf gtu, mkpkrhuaf yafn mkbua ckfurut ^ghhgac Nhasskr

gagtu muasa ( pjwkr ) bgcafa sktgap gfbgvgbu ckckrhumaf muasa uftum

ckclafnufmaf baf lumaf ckfoatudmaf atau ckfgfbas. Ykmgrafya tgbam

ckcpufyag muasa, bgrg skfbgrg amaf ckrasamaf bgtgfbas, duru-dara, bghayaf sklanag

dacla albg, bgbkra, ckhumamaf datg jrafn hagf, cama ga bgmatamaf subad dghafn sgeat

mkcafusgaaf tktapg lkrsgeat mklgfatafnaf. Ykmgrafya sahad nufa muasa, haca-

mkhacaaf bgrg jrafn hagf rasa tgbam bgsayafng. Ykhagf gtu, mkpkrhuaf yafn mktgna

ckfurut tkjrg rkahgtg ^ghhgac Nhasskr gahad mklklasaf ( mklklasaf ). Yktgap gfbgvgbu

gfngfmaf mklklasaf. Yklanag ijftjdfya pkhuafn uftum ckcluat mkputusaf baf

pghgdaf. Mklklasaf tgbam lkrcamfa sktgap gfbgvgbu ljhkd luat sksuma datg tktapg

pkrhu gmut tatasusgha ufbafn-ufbafn. Rktapg skmgrafya tgbam ckcpufyag mklklasaf,

cama dgbup tgbam skrjfjm mkrafa gmut mata-mata jrafn. Bahac krtg mata hagf,

mklklasaf pkrhu lkrpaba-paba. Ykhagf gtu, mkpkrhuaf mkkcpat ckfurut ^ghhgac

Nhasskr gahad mkskrjfjmaf ( euf ). Yktgap gfbgvgbu pkrhu aba mkpkrhuaf masgd sayafn,

mkpkrhuaf muasa, baf mkpkrhuaf mklklasaf uftum ckfbapatmaf mkpkrhuaf

mkskrjfjmaf. Rafpa masgd sayafn, muasa baf mklklasaf, cama gfbgvgbu tgbam amaf

ckfbapatmaf mkskrjfjmaf. Yktgap gfbgvgbu pkrhu skrjfjm supaya muahgtg dgbup ouna

skrjfjm. ^ahau lanagcafapuf, sktgap gfbgvgbu pkrhu gfnat oafnaf hupa barataf. Amdgr

skmahg, mkpkrhuaf survgvah.

Ykhagf gtu, tkjrg rkahgtg yafn bgutaramaf jhkd ^hhgac Nhasskr acat

ckfnutacamaf sjsgah sktgap gfbgvgbu saca aba bahac pkrdulufnaf mkhuarna atau

huar. Ckhahug pkrdulufnaf sjsgah yafn lkrmuahgtg, skskjrafn bapat ckfnkiapg muahgtg




1904

9;

dgbup casgfn-casgfn. Pkrdulufnaf sjsgah lkrhamu mkpaba pkrdulufnaf yafn bgluat

bkfnaf jrafn hagf yafn sahgfn ckclafnufmaf aftara satu saca hagf bgcafa

wuoubfya pghgdaf bkfnaf sgapa sktgap gfbgvgbu gfngf lkrdulufn. Gfbgvgbu skftgasa

amaf lkrdulufn bkfnaf jrafn hagf yafn ckfyuclafnmaf mkpaba pkfndasghaf muahgtg

dgbup.

Muahgtg dgbup ckfurut ^ghhgac Nhasskr ckruoum mkpaba pkrskpsg yafn wuoub

bgcgfba skskjrafn yafn lkrsgeat sulokmtge bgcafa skskjrafn rasa ladanga. Yklanag

ijftjdfya gahad wafgta yafn lkrmkroaya, lkrpafnmat tgfnng safnnup ckhktammaf

oawataffya uftum ckclkrg tucpuaf mkpaba mkhuarnafya bgsklalmaf muahgtg

dgbupfya gagtu afam-afam abahad askt yafn pahgfn lkrfghag bahac dgbupfya.

Rkjrg yafn hagf yafn ckclgfiafnmaf ckfnkfag muahgtg dgbup lang pkrspkmtge

larat abahad tkjrg muahgtg dgbup gftknratge. Rjmjd yafn ckfnutaramaf tkjrg Muahgtg

Dgbup Gftknratge gahad Ukftknjbt. Bahac tkjrg Muahgtg Dgbup Gftknratge, tkrbapat tkjrg-

tkjrg yafn tkrnalufn bargpaba tgna mucpuhaf yafn sktgap satufya prgdatgf bkfnaf

aspkm mkdgbupaf yafn lagm baf bglkftum bahac rafnma spkmtruc yafn bgmkfahg

sklanag tkjrg Muahgtg Dgbup Gftknratge ( Rdk Gftknratgvk Quahgty je Hgek ( GQJH ) Rdkjry ).

Muahgtg dgbup tkrladang mkpaba < ladangaf gagtu muahgtg dgbup yafn sulokmtge

baf muahgtg dgbup yafn jlokmtge. Muahgtg dgbup yafn sulokmtge ckrafnmucg lanus (wkhh-

lkgfn), mkpuasaf dgbup ( satgseaitgjf wgtd hgek ), mknkclgraaf ( dappgfkss ) baf

camfa mkdgbupaf ( ckafgfn je hgek ). Cafamaha, muahgtg dgbup yafn jlokmtge




1904

95

ckrafnmucg mkskgclafnaf lgjhjng ( lgjhjngiah jrbkr ), ckfykbarg pjtkfsg mkdgbupaf

( rkahgzatgjf je hgek pjtkftgah ), ckckfudg mkdkfbam ( euheghhckft je fkkbs ) baf

eamtjr-eamtjr jlokmtge (jlokitgvk eaitjrs). Ykhagf gtu, tkjrg aspkm mkdgbupaf

ckrafnmucg 9 ladangaf gagtu muahgtg dgbup yafn sulokmge ( sulokitgvk quahgty je hgek ),

muahgtg dgbup yafn wuoub (kxgstkftgah quahgty je hgek) baf muahgtg dgbup yafn jlokmtge (

jlokitgvk quahgty je hgek ).

Aspkm yafn pkrtaca gagtu muahgtg dgbup yafn sulokmtge yafn ckrafnmucg

lanagcafa skskjrafn gfbgvgbu ckrasag atau lkrpafbafnaf ckfnkfag mkdgbupaf

yafn lagm yafn bgahacg jhkd ckrkma skfbgrg. Yktgap gfbgvgbu bapat ckfghag lanagcafa

ckrkma ckhgdat sksuatu pkrmara lkrbasarmaf pkrasaaf baf gbka casgfn-casgfn.

Aspkm yafn mkbua gahad muahgtg dgbup yafn wuoub gagtu ckhgdat skoaud cafa lagmfya

mkdgbupaf skskjrafn gfbgvgbu paba tadap yafn hklgd bahac.sktgap jrafn lkrdam

bgdjrcatg baf ckfoahafmaf dgbup bkfnaf darcjfg. Aspkm yafn mktgna gahad

lanagcafa mkdgbupaf skskjrafn gfbgvgbu bgeadacg baf bgtaesgrmaf jhkd bufga huar.

Pafbafnaf bgpkfnarudg jhkd mklubayaaf tkcpat tgfnnah skskjrafn gfbgvgbu. Jlokmtge

lkrcamsub eamta huaraf yafn ckcubadmaf ckclgfa mkcubadaf dgbup.

M[AHGRG DGB[P CKF[\[R PK\YPKMRGE GYHAC

^ahau apapuf pafbafnaf cafusga tkftafn camfa muahgtg dgbup, pafbafnaf

gfg lkrasasmaf pafbafnaf dgbup skskjrafn lkrbasarmaf ghcu, mkpkriayaaf baf

pkfnarud casyaramat bg skmkhghgfn dgbupfya. Gshac sklanag satu iara dgbup subad




1904

9>

pastg ckcpufyag gbka tkftafn camfa mkdgbupaf baf lkftum muahgtg yafn tkrmafbufn

bg bahacfya.

Ckfurut maia cata Gshac, muahgtg dgbup lkrcuha bkfnaf damgmat tuouaf

mkoabgaf cafusga gtu skfbgrg jhkd pkfigptafya, Ahhad Y^R. Rafpa ckckfudg tuftutaf

pkfigptaaf gtu, cama tgabahad krtgfya mkcaouaf baf mkfgmcataf dgbup bufga yafn

bgmkiapg barg subut Ahhad Y^R. Ah-Quraf tkhad ckramacmaf tuouaf pkfigptaaf gfg

paba ayat ;1? ;5 ? Yurad Az-_argyat gagtu ‘ Baf ( gfnathad ) Amu tgbam ckfigptamaf ogf

baf cafusga ckhagfmaf uftum ckrkma ckfykclad baf lkrglabat mkpabaMu –.

Bahac ayat gfg okhas bgfyatamaf tuouaf pkfigptaaf cafusga gtu abahad uftum

ckfykclad baf lkrglabat mkpaba Ahhad Y^R. Ckfykclad baf lkrglabat gfg

lkrcamsub ckfnumudmaf pkrasaaf gtu bahac bgrg ladawa abafya dacla yafn

ckfykclad gagtu camdhum cafusga baf abafya Rudaf yafn bgskclad, gagtu Ahhad

Y^R. Ykhagf gtu, cafusga bgigptamaf sklanag pkrafaf mdahgead bg cuma lucg gfg.

Mjfskp mdahgead gahad ckcamcurmaf lucg gfg ckfnkfahg pjftkfsg baf mkmuataf

lucg, pkhlanag sgcpafaffya baf darta yafn tkrpkfbac. Ahhad Y^R lkregrcaf bahac

Ah-Quraf gagtu Yurad Ah-Laqarad, <? 90) gagtu Baf ( gfnathad ) mktgma Rudafcu

lkregrcaf mkpaba Cahagmat= ‘Yksufnnudfya Amu dkfbam ckfoabgmaf skjrafn

mdahgead bg lucg– . Lkrdulufn bkfnaf bua ayat tkrsklut, Gshac ckfykbgamaf

mkrafnma vgsg baf cgsg mkdgbupaf cafusga bg cuma lucg. Lkrpafbumaf mkpaba

mjcpas mkdgbupaf gfg, cama aspkm pkfngsgaf baf muahgtg bahac lgbafn mkdgbupaf

pkrhu bglkrg pkrdatgaf mkrafa ckfyuclafn mkpaba mkoayaaf cafusga sklanag

dacla Ahhad Y^R baf mdahgead skmahg nus.




1904

94

Bahac pkrspkmtge Gshac, cafusga bgoabgmaf mdahgead Ahhad Y^R uftum

ckcamcurmaf lucg gfg baf ckfoabgmaf tkcpat tgfnnah yafn skharas bkfnaf eufnsg

cafusga tkrsklut sklanag mdahgead. Camcur bgsgeatmaf sklanag ‘ckcpufyag dasgh

yafn lafyam gagtu bakrad atau fknkrg, ckcpufyag pkfbubum yafn lafyam baf iumup

mkdgbupaffya, dgbup ckwad atau skrla iumup baf tgbam mkmurafnaf apa puf– .

Mkdgbupaf yafn ladanga baf lkrmuahgtg ckrupamaf cathacat pkftgfn yafn gfngf

bgiapag jhkd sktgap cafusga. \asuhuhhad s.a.w skfbgrg ckfnaoar mgta ckhahug bja

casydur yafn bgpktgm bargpaba Ah-Quraf uftum ckcjdjf baf ckfnusadamaf

mkdgbupaf yafn lagm bg bufga cadupuf bg amdgrat bahac surad Ah-Laqarad, <? <01

gagtu ‘^adag Rudaf macg, lkrghad macg mklag maf bg bufga baf mklagmaf bg amdgrat baf

pkhgdarahad macg barg azal fkrama– . Mkdgbupaf ‘dasafad– ( lagm ) yafn bgpjdjf mk

dabrat Ahhad Y^R, bahac ayat gfg okhas ckfufoummaf Ahhad cadu mgta ckfngmdtgarmaf

yafn lagm, lanus, khjm baf lkrmuahgtg bahac mkdgbupaf mgta. Mkdgbupaf gfg yafn

bgcamsubmaf gahad bg bufga yafn amaf ckclawa mkpaba mkdgbupaf yafn lagm bg

ahac amdgrat mkham. Camfa dasafad (lagm) bapathad bgmagtmaf bkfnaf pkrtacafya,

pkrmataaf ‘cutu–, gagtu ‘tarae mklagmaf, mkikrbasaf , mkpafbagaf, muahgtg, fghagaf (

uftum sksuatu )– baf mkbuafya pkrmataaf ‘muahgtg– gagtu ‘baroad mkikckrhafnaf

lgasafya yafn tgfnng baf lkrcutu– .

Paba casa yafn saca, hafnmad ckfnkfah pastg mkhkcadaf baf ckhamsafamaf

prjsks pkclagmaf yafn lkrtkrusaf bahac mkdgbupaf ouna acat pkrhu bghamumaf. Gfg

gahad skladangaf aspkm pkfnawahaf muahgtg yafn ckfoabg tjfnnam utaca uftum

ckcastgmaf cathacat mkikckrhafnaf dgbup bapat bgiapag. Ykdulufnaf bkfnaf gtu,




1904

97

Gshac acat ckfnnahammaf ucatfya uftum tkrus ckcpkrlagmg mkdgbupaf ckrkma mk

tadap yafn hklgd lagm. Ygmap tgbam dafya lkrpuas datg bkfnaf pkfiapagaf baf

prkstasg skcasa sadaoa gahad sgmap ikckrhafn yafn lamah ckwargsg mkdgbupaf yafn

hklgd lagm baf lkrmuahgtg. Jhkd gtu, pkrhu aba pkcgmgraf, sgmap baf tgfbamaf uftum

ckfgfnmatmaf mkcaouaf baf pkfiapagaf dgbup hklgd lagm lkrlafbgfn bkfnaf casa

hacpau.

Ykhagf gtu, ckclgfa mkdgbupaf yafn lagm, lkrmuahgtg, baf ladanga gfg gahad

gcpgaf sktgap cafusga. \asuhuhhad s.a.w skfbgrg ckfknasmaf ladawa mkladangaaf

skskjrafn gtu pkftgfn baf kcpat pkrmara yafn tkhad bgmksaf bargpaba salbafya gagtu

‘Kcpat pkrmara yafn ckclawa mkladangaaf gagtu wafgta sjhkdad, rucad yafn

huas, ograf yafn lagm baf mkfbkraaf yafn sksuag– ( \gwayat Glfu Dgllaf ). Dabgs gfg

ckfokhasmaf ladawa mkladangaaf baf lkrmuahgtg dgbup cafusga bapat bgumur barg

skng, pkrtaca, mkhuarna gagtu ckcpufyag gstkrg yafn sjhkdad, mkbua, tkcpat tgfnnah

gagtu ckcpufyag rucad yafn huas, mktgna, sjah mkcasyaramataf gagtu ograf yafn lagm

baf mkkcpat mkskfafnaf uftum lkrnkram barg satu tkcpat mk satu tkcpat yafn hagf

gagtu ckcpufyag mkfbkraaf yafn skhksa. Rkrbapat ouna dabgs yafn ckfyatamaf

tkftafn ufsur-ufsur mkladangaaf baf muahgtg dgbup cafusga, gagtu sjah mksgdataf baf

casa hapafn yafn bgmurfgamaf jhkd Ahhad Y^R. Mksgdataf yafn lagm uftum lkmkroa

baf casa hapafn yafn ckcljhkdmaffya uftum lkrkdat baf ckhamumaf amtgvgtg

rkmrkamsg ckrupamaf bua lkftum fgmcat bahac ckfnumur tadap muahgtg dgbup

skskjrafn cafusga.




1904

20

Ykhagf gtu, Gshac sklanag satu sgstkc mkdgbupaf yafn hkfnmap gahad syargat

Ahhad yafn ckfykbgamaf pafbuaf lang cafusga ckfgmcatg muahgtg yafn lagm lang

sktgap satu ialafn mkdgbupaf tkrsklut, bg sacpgfn ckfbapat mkrkbaaf Ahhad Y^R.

Bahac Gshac, sktgap mjcpjfkf mkdgbupaf gfg aba pkbjcaf baf nargs pafbuaffya.

Gfghad asas yafn pahgfn pkftgfn lang ckfkftumaf saca aba sksuatu lgbafn

mkdgbupaf gtu lagm skrta lkrmuahgtg bgcafa skdarusfya ckfkpatg mkdkfbam Ahhad

Y^R.

Rkrbapat ; prgfsgp caqasgb ah-syargad yafn bgturufmaf jhkd Ahhad Y^R gtu

yafn lkrcathacatmaf ckckhgdaramaf mkcashadataf dgbup cafusga gtu skfbgrg.

Aftara prgfsgp caqasgb ah-syargad yafn lkrmagtaf bkfnaf ; pkrmara gagtu pkrtaca,

ckfoana, ckcartalatmaf baf ckcpkrmasamaf anaca, mkbua, ckfoana,

ckcartalatmaf baf ckcpkrmasamaf amah, mktgna, ckfoana, ckcartalatmaf baf

ckcpkrmasamaf fyawa, mkkcpat, ckfoana, ckcartalatmaf baf ckcpkrmasamaf

darta baf mkhgca, ckfoana, ckcartalatmaf baf ckcpkrmasamaf mkturufaf.

Mksgcpuhaffya, gfbgvgbu, mkhuarna, casyaramat, baf mkraoaaf pkrhu

ckcadacg baf ckhamsafamaf pkrafaf casgfn-casgfn uftum ckfoacgf muahgtg

mkdgbupaf yafn ckfykhurud baf lkrtkrusaf. Gshac ckrupamaf sgstkc mkdgbupaf

yafn skcpurfa baf ckclawa skcua cafusga mk arad mklagmaf, muahgtg bf

mkrkbdaaf Ahhad Y^R.

PK\AFAF ANACA BAHAC PKFBKMARAF MA[FYKHGFN BAF PYGMJHJNG




1904

21

Rgaba skjrafn cafusga fjrcah bg bufga gfg yafn tgbam ckcpufyag casahad.

Rgbam mgra casahad yafn bgdabapg lksar atau mkigh, ga amaf tktap ckfnaclgh ruafn

mkpaba mkstalghaf ckftah gfbgvgbu bahac usada ckfiarg oahaf pkfykhksagaf. Aba

yafn ckfkrgca casahad baf tkmafaf tkrsklut sklanag uogaf baf bunaaf bargpaba

Ghadg cahad tgbam murafn ouna yafn ckfyahadmaf tambgr Rudaf.

Rkmafaf bahac ckfndabapg pkrcasahadaf gfg puha lkrlanag baf lkrnaftufn

mkpaba mkmuataf ckftah gfbgvgbu tkrsklut. Aftara hafnmad yafn ljhkd bgnufamaf

bahac ckrkbamaf tkmafaf tkrsklut abahad ckhahug makbad maufskhgfn.

Lhjidkr (17>2) ckfbkegfasgmaf maufskhgfn sklanag suatu prjsks uftum

ckfjhjfn gfbgvgbu supaya ga ckfoabg hklgd skbar tkftafn bgrgfya baf lanagcafa ga

bapat lkrtgfbam lahas bahac ahac pkrskmgtaraffya. Cafamaha Ijrky (17>>)

skpkrtgcafa bkfnaf Lhjidkr ckfkmafmaf tkftafn prjsks bg cafa skjrafn mhgkf

bglkrg pkhuafn uftum ckfkrjmag aspkm bgrg baf mkdgbupaffya yafn ckfgcluhmaf

casahad paba bgrgfya. Oacks (174<) puha ckfbkegfasgmaf maufskhgfn sklanag suatu

prjsks pkclkhaoaraf yafn hklgd ckfkmafmaf mkpaba prjsks ckclaftu gfbgvgbu

uftum ckfiapag mkdkfbamfya, ckclgclgfn baf ckfghag pjtkfsg yafn aba paba bgrg

gfbgvgbu.

Rgbam bapat bgsafnmah, ckclgiaramaf ckfnkfag maufskhgfn, hazgcfya tgbam

bapat harg bargpaba tkjrg, makbad baf tkmfgm maufskhgfn yafn bglawa barg Larat.

Faca-faca skpkrtg Ygncufb Erkub, Iarh \jnkrs, Ahlkrt Khhgs safnat sgfjfgc bkfnaf




1904

2<

ghcu maufskhgfn skdgfnnamaf tkrbapat pafbafnaf fknatge yafn ckhgdat maufskhgfn

skrgfnmahg ckfnalagmaf satu khkckf yafn safnat pkftgfn bahac mkdgbupaf cafusga,

gagtu khkckf anaca cadupuf mkrjdafgaf (Yapjra Ygpjf? <00;).

Ygncufb Erkub skfbgrg ckfnafnnap ladawa anaca sklanag satu ghusg baf

ljhkd ckfndkrjtmaf pafbafnaf cafusga tkrdabap mkdgbupaf. Adhg-adhg psgmjhjng

skzacaf bkfnaf Erkub ckfnafut ahgraf —rkhatgvgsc ktdgiah‗ baf —ktdgiah dkbjfgsc‗.

Pkfnarud tkjrg kvjhusg Barwgf ckfyklalmaf Erkub baf adhg-adhg psgmjhjng hagf paba

wamtu gtu lkrpafbafnaf ladawa mkoabgaf cafusga skiara skcuha oabgfya abahad

dacpgr saca bkfnaf mkoabgaf lgfatafn. (Hufbgf, 174;).

Ckrkma lkrpkfbapat ladawa cafusga paba asasfya abahad lkrsgeat

dkbjfgstgm baf ckfjham saca skmahg ufsur cjrah baf ktgma yafn ljhkd bgjptgcamaf

bahac bgrg cafusga. Pkcgsadaf anaca bahac lgbafn maufskhgfn ouna cufnmgf aba

magtaffya bkfnaf usada Larat uftum ckfnasgfnmaf ghcu anaca bkfnaf ghcu skmuhar

yafn hadgr bargpaba mjfskp —tdk skparatgjf je statk afb idurid‗ (Yapjra?glgb).

Bg bahac Gshac, maufskhgfn ckcpufyag pkfnkrtgaf baf mkbubumaf yafn

tkrskfbgrg. Gfg skharas bkfnaf tuftutaf Gshac gtu skfbgrg yafn lkrpafbumaf ah-Quraf

baf as-Yuffad. Mklafyamaf skftudaf maufskhgfn larat hklgd lkrtucpu mkpaba

pkruladaf tgfnmad hamu mhgkf mk arad hklgd rasgjfah baf ckfngmut nargs fjrcah dgbup

sklanag cafusga.




1904

29

Maufskhgfn Gshac ckcpufyag hgputaf smjp casahad yafn hklgd lksar gagtu

yafn lkrmagtaf bkfnaf mkgcafaf skskjrafn skpkrtg aspkm mktudafaf, ahac amdgrat,

bjsa, padaha, fkrama, darg mgacat baf sklanagfya.

Adhg-adhg Psgmjhjng Larat mgfg skfbgrg tkhad ckcpkramug skmahgnus ckfgbammaf

tkjrg Erkub baf ramaf-ramaf skzacaffya ckfnkfag pkrmagtaf aftara anaca baf

casahad psgmjhjngmah gfg. Mkpkrhuaf anaca bahac ckrawat casahad psgmjhjngmah

bgamug jhkd ^kst (<00<) yafn lkrpkfbapat mkrjdafgaf atau mkanacaaf ckfoabg

skladangaf bargpaba mkdgbupaf baf bghgdat skrta bgamug sklanag sksuatu yafn safnat

lkrdarna.

Maogaf jhkd Nhaskr baf Ljzartd (<001) ckfbapatg mkrjdafgaf yafn pjsgtge

abahad safnat pkrhu uftum pkrmkclafnaf bgrg yafn sgdat baf mklkreufnsgaf. Gfbgvgbu

yafn ckcpufyag gbkftgtg mkrjdafgaf yafn pjsgtge lkreufnsg hklgd lagm barg skng

gftkrpkrsjfah baf kcjsg gfbgvgbu.

Rkhad bglumtgmaf ladawa skladangaf lksar adhg prjeksgjfah ckcpkriayag

fghag cafusga baf naya dgbup ckcpufyag mksaf yafn ckfbahac mk atas mksgdataf

ckftah baf mklkreufnsgaf kcjsg baf sksktkfnad fghag hklgd ckfngmut mkskoadtkraaf

ckftah bargpaba yafn hagf (Okfskf & Lkrngf, 1744).

Anaca ouna lkrpkrafaf sklanag satu ckmafgsc uftum ckclaftu

ckfndabapg mksumaraf mkdgbupaf. Gfg mkrafa gfstgtusg mkanacaaf baf sgstkc




1904

22

mkpkriayaaf lkreufnsg sklanag satu ckmafgsc yafn lkrsgeat pkfiknadaf. Lafyam

lumtg kcpgrgmah ckfiabafnmaf mkpkriayaaf anaca, hatgdaf baf gfstgtusg ckfoabg

lkrmksaf bkfnaf pkrafaf pkfiknadaffya. Pkfnhglataf anaca yafn bgumur ckhahug

pkhlanag iara bghgdat ckfnurafnmaf mkoabgaf ckclufud bgrg, pkfnnufaaf baf

pkfyahadnufaaf babad baf ahmjdjh skrta pkrpkiadaf mkhuarna (Payfk, Lkrngf,

Lgkhkca & Okfmgfs, 177<).

PK\AFAF MA[FYKHGFN BAF PYGMJHJNG BAHAC CKFGFNMARMAF MKDGB[PAF

LK\M[AHGRG

Yklanagcafa yafn tkhad bgpkrmatamaf, smjp lgbafn psgmjhjng acathad huas baf

lkrtuouaf lang ckclawa cafusga mk arad mkskoadtkraaf, mdususfya mkskoadtkraaf

ckftah, kcjsg, baf tgfnmad hamu. Lgbafn psgmjhjng yafn huas gfg lanagcafapuf

ckcpufyag lgbafn pkfnmdususaf yafn tkrtkftu baf bg Cahaysga, aftara

pkfnmdususaf yafn acat pjpuhar abahad skpkrtg lkrgmut?

1. Mhgfgmah psgmjhjng

<. Maufskhgfn psgmjhjng

9.

Psgmjhjng jrnafgsasg baf gfbustrg

2. Psgmjhjng pkfbgbgmaf baf pkrskmjhadaf

;. Psgmjhjng mksgdataf

Mhgfgmah psgmjhjng




1904

2;

Lgbafn pkfnmdususaf psgmjhjng yafn ckclkrg ejmus mkpaba bganfjsgs nafnnuaf

psgmjhjng, pufia baf ouna ckfawarmaf pkhlanag gftkrvkfsg baf rawataf psgmjhjng

tkrdabap gfbgvgbu yafn lkrmagtaf. Bg aftara gftkrvkfsg tkrsklut skpkrtg psgmjtkrapg,

tkrapg tgfnmad hamu, tkrapg mjnfgtge, dgpfjtkrapg, maufskhgfn baf hagf-hagf. Mucpuhaf

sasaraf tkrbgrg barg pksamgt ckftah yafn rgfnaf, skbkrdafa baf lkrat, skrta ouna

gfbgvgbu yafn fjrcah. Lgasafya lkrmdgbcat bg djspgtah mkraoaaf, atau mhgfgm swasta,

ufgvkrsgtg djspgtah, baf bg eamuhgt-eamuhtg pkrulataf.

Maufskhgfn psgmjhjng

Lgbafn yafn ckfnmdusus bahac pkrcasahadaf cafusga yafn lgasafya bg pkrgfnmat

fjrcah atau rgfnaf. Ckfnacahmaf tkmfgm-tkmfgm atau mkcadgraf maufskhgfn yafn

tkrtkftu bahac ckclaftu ckfykhksagmaf casahad cafusga. Ckrkma lkrmdgbcat bg

oalataf-oalataf mkraoaaf, pusat maufskhgfn bg ufgvkrsgtg baf ouna bg skmjhad.

Psgmjhjng Jranfgsasg baf Gfbustrg

Pkfnmdususaf abahad bahac pkfghagaf baf mkikmapaf gfbgvgbu sklanag skjrafn

pkmkroa, pkfgfnmataf cjtgvasg baf prjbumtgvgtg bg tkcpat mkroa, ckfgfnmatmaf

mkikmapaf pkmkroaaf, pkckhgdaraaf pkrdulufnaf yafn lagm aftara caogmaf baf

pkmkroa baf ouna pkcaftauaf mkskoadtkraaf bg tkcpat mkroa. Ckrkma lkmkroa bahac

lgbafn gfbustrg baf jrnafgsasg saca aba awac baf swasta. Yatu ijftjd lkftum

pkrmdgbcataf psgmjhjng yafn tkhad bghamsafamaf paba pkrgfnmat pkrmdgbcataf awac

abahad Ladangaf Pkrmdgbcataf Psgmjhjng, Oalataf Pkrmdgbcataf Awac Cahaysga,




1904

25

Putraoaya. Aftara jlokmtge pkfuludaf ladangaf gfg gahad ckfykbgamaf basar baf

pkrmdgbcataf psgmjhjng mkpaba mamgtafnaf skmtjr awac ckhahug makbad lgclgfnaf

baf fasgdat, sksg psgmjtkrapg baf mauskhgfn, pkrmdgbcataf rufbgfniara, ckfykbgamaf

uogaf baf hapjraf psgmjhjngmah, ckfykbgamaf prjnrac baf cjbuh pkfgfnmataf

mkroaya baf mkskoadtkraaf sjsgah uftum mamgtafnaf awac baf mkhuarna.

Psgmjhjng Pkfbgbgmaf baf Pkrskmjhadaf

Rkhglat skiara hafnsufn bahac prjsks ckftah mktgma pkclkhaoaraf skpkrtg baya

gfnataf, cjtgvasg, mkraogfaf, baya tucpuaf, mkpgftaraf baf mkikrbasaf, skrta

pkrskmgtaraf pkclkhaoaraf. Ckrkma amaf ckrafnma murgmuhuc baf mkroa mursus yafn

lkrmagtaf skrta ckhgdat mksksuagaf baf dasghfya bahac ckfykbgamaf gfbgvgbu yafn

lkrpkfbgbgmaf. Ckrkma ouna amaf ckfnabamaf prjnrac hatgdaf uftum ckfgfnmatmaf

mkupayaaf ckftah cafusga uftum ckfkrgca camhucat baf pkfbgbgmaf. Ckrkma

turut ckfykhksagmaf pkrcasahadaf lkrmagtaf aspkm pkclkhaoaraf bg mahafnaf

cafusga skpkrtg casahad pkclkhaoaraf, bgsgphgf baf pkrdulufnaf bg tkcpat

tkrsklut.

Psgmjhjng Mksgdataf

Ckfnmdusus bahac ckfnkfahpastg ckfnapa cafusga sgdat baf samgt, ckfghag apamad

acahaf-acahaf yafn bghamumaf gfbgvgbu yafn sgdat baf lkngtu ouna sklahgmfya, skrta

ckfkhgtg prjnrac-prjnrac yafn cacpu ckfnnahammaf cafusga ckfnacahmaf




1904

2>

acahaf-acahaf yafn sgdat bahac mkdgbupaf skrta hafnmad-hafnmad pkfiknadaf

pkfyamgt. Aftarafya prjnrac mkskbaraf mksgdataf ckftah, aspkm gftkrvkfsg psgmjhjng

bahac pkfiknadaf pkfyamgt oaftufn, dgpkrtkfsg, mkfigfn cafgs, strjm, mafskr baf

sklanagfya.

Rkrbapat lafyam hang lgbafn pkfnmdususaf psgmjhjng yafn hagf skpkrtg psgmjhjng

kxpkrgckft, psgmjhjng fkurj, psgmjhjng lgjhjng, psgmjhjng sjsgah baf psgmjhjng mjcufgtg

yafn casgd lkhuc bghgdat mkpkftgfnaffya bg fknara gfg lkrlafbgfn bg fknara-fknara

caou.

Pkfbkmataf bgsgphgf psgmjhjng mk arad ckcartalatmaf mkskoadtkraaf ckftah cafusga

lkrcuha paba taduf 17>4 apalgha Pkrtuludaf Mksgdataf Ykbufga atau ^DJ

ckcpkrmkfahmaf mjfskp —sgdat‗ yafn ckrafnmucg mksgdataf ckfah bahac

ankfbafya. Baf ckhahug satu oawatafmuasa mdas lkrdulufn bkfnaf pkfoanaaf

mksgdataf ckftah bg lawadfya, tkrbapat hgca usuh yafn bgmkcumamaf bkcg

ckcartalatmaf aspkm mksgdataf ckftah bg fknara-fknara ckclafnuf tkrcasumhad

Cahaysga gagtu ?

1. Ckwuoubmaf satu basar bg pkrgfnmat mklafnsaaf lkrdulufn mksgdataf

ckftah baf ckfuludmaf satu ufgt mdas mksgdataf ckftah bg sktgap

pkftablgraf mawasaf.

<. Ckcpkruftummaf bafa pkclgayaaf tkrtkftu lang tuouaf ckhatgd baf

ckrkmrut pamar lkrmagtaf, mkcubadaf rawataf baf pkfykhgbgmaf.




1904

24

9. Ckwuoubmaf satu pkrmdgbcataf pkfoanaaf mkskoadtkraaf ckftah skiara

ckfykhurud bkfnaf lkrmkroasaca bkfnaf pkrtuludaf-pkrtuludaf hagf

bahac mjcufgtg yafn tgbam ckcpufyag asas pkrulataf baf mksgdataf.

2. Ckfbgbgm skcua pkmkroa bahac pkhlanag pkrgfnmat jrnafgsasg tkrdabap

mkpkftgfnaf pkfoanaaf mksgdataf ckftah yafn lagm.

;. Ckfbgbgm pamar mksgdataf ckftah supaya ckrawat para pksamgt skiara

lkrsufnnud-sufnnud baf paba casa yafn saca turut ckclkrg hatgdaf asas

mkpaba mamgtafnaf hagf yafn turut lkrmdgbcat bahac prjsks rawataf baf

pkfoanaaf mksgdataf ckftah.

Pkrafaf pkrmdgbcataf psgmjhjng bahac ckfgfnmat mkupayaaf casyaramat uftum

ckckhgdara ckfnkmahmaf mksgdataf ckftah baf mkskoadatkraaf dgbup ckrkma ljhkd

bgeadacg skiara okhas apalgha gsu-gsu lkrgmut bgtafnafg sklanagcafa yafn bgusuhmaf

jhkd ^DJ.

Lkrbasarmaf mkpaba usuh tkrsklut, lkrgmut abahad lklkrapa hafnmad baf

stratkng yafn ljhkd bgoahafmaf bahac usada ckfiapag cathacat gtu ?

1. Ygstkc sjmjfnaf yafn bglkrgmaf saca aba skiara gfbgvbu atau lkrmucpuhaf

cacpu ckfnurafnmaf rgsgmj uftum ckfnahacg casahad lkrmagtaf mksgdataf

ckftah. —Ykhe dkhp nrjup‗ puha cacpu ckclaftu mk arad pkfgfnmataf

pkfyksuagaf bgrg lang sksgapa yafn lkrcasahad ckftah baf kcjsg bkfnaf

lklafaf mjs yafn pahgfn cgfgca.




1904

27

<. Pkfnktaduaf lkrmagtaf hatar lkhamafn lubaya baf anaca cacpu

ckfyuclafn mkpaba pkfiapagaf mksgdataf ckftah yafn pjsgtge baf

pkfykhgbgmaf lkrmagtaf aspkm gfg pkrhu bgtgfnmatmaf hang.

9. \afnsafnaf psgmj-sjsgah awah skiara pjsgtge cacpu ckfiknad nafnnuaf

ckftah baf tgfnmad hamu bg mahafnaf layg-layg yafn murafn upaya bkfnaf

ckhglatmaf pkrafaf amtge glu lapa.

2. Ykmjhad acat pkftgnf sklanag pusat asas ckcprjcjsgmaf mksgdataf ckftah

yafn pjsgtge. Para pkhaoar pkrhu bgbkbadmaf bkfnaf pkhlanag mkcadgraf uftum

ckfiapag tadap mksgdataf ckftah yafn lagm. Nuru-nuru pkrhu bghatgd supaya

pkma bkfnaf gsu lkrmagtaf mksgdataf ckftah anar sklarafn pkrcasahadaf

bapat bgiknad paba pkrgfnmat awah.

;. Apalgha lkrhamu sklarafn casahad nafnnuaf ckftah, sklal cusalal

lgjhjngmah pkrhu bglkrg pkrdatgaf utaca. Ykmgrafya tgaba sklarafn asas

lkrpufia barg sklal tkrsklut, cama aspkm psgmj-sjsgah ckfoabg mkutacaaf

baf pksamgt pkrhu bglkrg pkfbkbadaf awah lkrdulufn mkcadgraf asas

mksgdataf ckftah yafn lagm baf suclkr rawataf yafn ljhkd bgpkrjhkdg.

5. Pafbafnaf casyaramat tkrdabap pkfyamgt ckftah yafn bgdgbapg skskjrafn

pksamgt ljhkd ckfkftumaf tadap pkcykcludaf baf rkhapsk, jhkd gtu abahad

pkftgfn ckcadacgfya supaya prjnrac gftkrvkfsg tkrtkftu bapat

bghamsafamaf.

>. Makbad trabgsgjfah bahac ckfafnafg gsu mksgdataf ckftah pkrhu bglkrg

pkrdatgaf bkfnaf ckfghag pkrafaf baf mklkrmksafaffya skiara sagftgegm

ckcafbafnmaf lafyam gsu sghafn lubaya baf mkanacaaf bahac casyaramat




1904

;0

bghglatmaf skiara hafnsufn bkfnaf mksgdataf ckftah.

4. Prjnrac-prjnrac uftum ckfiknad nafnnuaf ckftah bahac casyaramat

waoar ckhglatmaf prjnrac pkfoanaaf mafam-mafam sklkhuc baf skhkpas hadgr,

prjnrac gcufgsasg, pkcamafaf, pkfiknadaf baf rawataf oafnmgtaf.

MKYGCP[HAF

Pkrafaf pkrmdgbcataf psgmjhjng subad tgbam bapat bgpkrtgmagmaf hang bahac

ckckhgdara baf ckfgfnmatmaf mkskoadtkraaf dgbup baf ckcpkrlagmg tadap

mksgdataf ckftah gfbgvgbu baf casyaramat. Casyaramat pkrhu bgbkbadmaf bkfnaf

lgbafn gfg sklanag satu prjeksgjf yafn lkrsgeat ckclaftu, ckcuhgd baf ckrawat

skrta ckfiknad pkhlanag pkrcasahadaf ckrkma mdususfya lkrmagtaf mksgdataf

ckftah, mkstalghaf kcjsg baf mkskoadtkraaf tgfnmad hamu. Ckrkma oua pkrhu lkrsgmap

prjamtge tkrdabap gsu lkrdulufn mksgdataf ckftah skpkrtg ruafn hgfnmup

pkrmdgbcataf psgmjtkrapg baf maufskhgfn, stgnca lkrmagtaf djspgtah ckftah baf

pksamgt ckftah skrta sklanagfya.

Bahac usada uftum ckcpkrtgmagmaf hang pkrmdgbcataf psgmjhjng gfg bahac

ckclaftu ckclafnufmaf fknara ckhahug casyaramat yafn sgdat baf skoadtkra, adhg

psgmjhjng waoar ckcpkrtgfnmatmaf pkfnhglataf ckrkma skiara amtge bahac pkhlanag

skmtjr mkcasyaramataf baf lkrtgfbam sklanag mucpuhaf pkfnnkram bkfnaf gfgsgatge

tkrskfbgrg skrta lkmkroasaca bkfnaf prjeksgjf hagf sklanag satu pasumaf. Ckrkma

ouna pkrhu amtge baf lkrafg uftum ckfnktkfnadmaf mkpaba fknara baf casyaramat

tkrdabap lkftum pkrmdgbcataf yafn ckrkma ljhkd lkrgmaf supaya lgbafn gfg bapat




1904

;1

bghggdat sklanag satu lgbafn yafn lafyam eufnsg baf mkhklgdaffya bahac ckclawa

casyaramat mk arad mkdgbupaf yafn skoadtkra.




1904

;<

LGLHGJN\AEG

Ascad Lkk Cjdb Fjjr. (1777, Fjvkclkr). Pkfbkmataf Maufskhgfn Larat. Mkrtas

Mkroa Cktjbjhjng Maufskhgfn Bahac Ckfafnafg Casahad Amgbad [cat Gshac

Casa Mgfg, yafn bglkftafnmaf bahac Cuzamarad Maufskhgfn baf Pkcaftapaf

Amgbad, Hafnmawg, Mkbad.

I. Nkjrnk Ljkrkk. Rdk Afigkft Nrkkms? Yjiratgs, Phatj & Argstjthk. Ydgppkfslurn

[fgvkrsgty? Pkffsyhvafga.

I. Nkjrnk Ljkrkk. Cjbkrf Pdghjsjpdy. Rdk Lkngfgfn. Ydgppkfslurn [fgvkrsgty?

Pkffsyhvafga

I. Nkjrnk Ljkrkk. Psyidjhjny? Rdk Lkngffgfn. Ydgppkfslurn [fgvkrsgty? Pkffsyhvafga

I. Nkjrnk Ljkrkk. Psyidjhjny? ^ufbt afb Oacks. Ydgppkfslurn [fgvkrsgty?

Pkffsyhvafga

I. Nkjrnk Ljkrkk. Psyidjhjny? Erkub afb Psyidjafahysgs. Ydgppkfslurn [fgvkrsgty?

Pkffsyhvafga

I. Nkjrnk Ljkrkk. Psyidjhjny? Nkstaht Psyidjhjny. Ydgppkfslurn [fgvkrsgty?

Pkffsyhvafga.




1904

I. Nkjrnk Ljkrkk. Rdk Ijnfgtgvk Cjvkckft. Ydgppkfslurn [fgvkrsgty? Pkffsyhvafga.

Macah Alb. Cafae. Maufskhgfn Gshac. [tusaf Pulhgiatgjf & Bgstrglutjr Yfb Ldb?

Muaha Hucpur.

Cadcjjb _udbg Daog Al. Caogb kt ah. Gshac Dabdarg? Pkfbkmataf Pkclafnufaf

Pkrabalaf. Wayasaf Bamwad Gshacgad? Muaha Hucpur.

perbandingan kaunseling & psikologi dari perspektif islam & barat

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