kaedah latih tubi dalam mengatasi masalah kesilapan pengejaan kata pinjaman dalam kalangan murid...

7/22/2019 KAEDAH LATIH TUBI DALAM MENGATASI MASALAH KESILAPAN PENGEJAAN KATA PINJAMAN DALAM KALANGAN MURID T…

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kaedah-latih-tubi-dalam-mengatasi-masalah-kesilapan-pengejaan-kata-pinjaman 1/62

KCHDCF NCTEF TXOE DCNCI IHBACTCWE ICWCNCF KHWENCZCBH@CCB ZH_KCTCCB ZEB@CICB DCNCI KCNCBACB

IX_ED-IX_ED TCFXB TEAC

CBD_HCW CNHV @MFB

Ncpmrcb prm`hk ebe dekhiukckcb shocace ihihbufe shocfcaecb dcrepcdc sycrct

phbacbuahrcfcb E`czcf Wcr`cbc Iudc Zhraurucb Dhbacb Khpu`ecb

Ocfcsc Ihncyu ( Whkmncf _hbdcf )

EBWTETXT ZHBDEDEKCB AX_X

KCIZXW KHBT TXC_CBWCOCF

?:37



e

ZHBAHWCFCB ZHBUHNEC

„Wcyc ckue ocfcwc scyc thncf ihiocgc ncpmrcb phbyhnedekcb ebe dcb pcdc

pcbdcbacb scyc, kcryc ebe thncf ihicdce dcre shae skmp dcb kucnete ubtuk tu`ucb

phbacbuahrcfcb

E@CPCF WC_@CBC IXDC ZH_AX_XCB DHBACB KHZX@ECB’

( Ocfcsc Ihncyu Zhbdedekcb _hbdcf )

Tcbdctcbacb 0 ....................................................

Bcic phbyhnec 0 Hbgek Czie Oeb @cne

Tcrekf 0 38 Bmvhiohr ?:37



ee

FCNCICB ZHBACKXCB

„Wcyc ckue ncpmrcb kc`ecb ebe cdcncf fcsen kcryc scyc shbdere khgucne bukencb dcb

rebakcscb ycba tecp-tecp sctubyc thncf scyc khncskcb suiohrbyc’

Tcbdctcbacb 0 .......................................

Bcic Zhbunes 0 CBD_HCW CNHV @MFB

Tcrekf 0 3: Bmvhiohr ?:37



eee

Xbtuk khnucrac thrscycba

ycba shbtecsc ihb`cde suiohr utcic khahioerccb dcb khocfcaeccb

dcnci phr`cncbcb fedup



ev

ZHBAFC_ACCB

Zhbakcè ebaeb ihbaugcpkcb shtebaae-tebaae phbafcraccb dcb ùtccb threic

kcsef ycba ekfncs khpcdc Hbgek Czie Oeb @cne shncku phbyhnec ubtuk kcècb

phbyhnedekcb phbdedekcb ebe. Ohnecu shbtecsc ihiohrekcb tubùk c`cr khpcdc

phbakcè ubtuk ihbebakctkcb kucnete phnckscbccb phbyhnedekcb ebe.

Zhbakcè ùac ihrckcikcb threic kcsef khpcdc auru ohscr dcb auru-auru

nceb ycba ihbymkmba uscfc phbyhnedek ubtuk ihnckscbckcb kcècb phbyhnedekcb

phbdedekcb ebe shpcb`cba thipmf ebthrbsfep.

Zhbafcraccb turut detuùkcb khpcdc shiuc rckcb-rckcb ycba ocbyck

ihiocbtu phbakcè dhbacb ohrkmbase edhc ubtuk ihncksckcbcb phbyhnedekcb ebe

dhbacb cycbyc.

Whkcne ncae, threic kcsef ctcs shacnc suiocbacb dcb ocbtucb ycba ocbyck

ihiocbtu phbakcè ihb`cncbkcb dcb ihbyhipurbckcb phnckscbccb phbyhnedekcb

phbdedekcb ebe.

Whkecb, threic kcsef.



v

COWT_CK

Tuùcb kcècb ebe de`cncbkcb cdcncf ubtuk ihbakcè icscncf khsencpcb phbah`ccb

kctc peb`cicb dcnci kcncbacb iured Tcfub 7 de shoucf shkmncf de Keunu, Wcocf

dhbacb ihbaaubckcb kchdcf nctef tuoe. Whrcice hipct mrcba iured depenef shocace

rhspmbdhb kcècb. Dctc dekuipun ihncnue teac gcrc ecetu; phihrfctecb fcsen khr`c

rhspmbdhb, thiuoucn dhbacb rhspmbdhb dcb uècb prc dcb pms ohrkhbccb h`ccb kctcpeb`cicb. Dctc ycba dephrmnhf decbcneses dcb defurcekcb dhbacb ihbaaubckcb

kchdcf ohrgcipur. Ohrdcscrkcb dcpctcb dctc ycba dephrmnhfe phbakcè, dedcpcte

khputuscb ycba pmsetel dcnci phbgcpcecb rhspmbdhb kfususbyc dcnci uècb pms ycba

icbc rhspmbdhb nhoef yckeb ihb`cwco smcncb uècb pms dcb ihbdcpct icrkcf ycba

ghihrncba. Ebe throukte cpcoenc khshiuc hipct rhspmbdhb nunus dhbacb ghihrncba

dhbacb khbcekcb purctc icrkcf dcre 4:% dcnci uècb prc khpcdc 61.8% dcnci uècb

pms. Kchdcf nctef tuoe dcnci phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba ycba thpct phrnu

dethruskcb ubtuk ihiocbtu rhspmbdhb ihbah`c kctc peb`cicb dhbacb thpct shgcrc

kmbsesthb pcdc icsc ckcb dctcba.



ve

COWT_CGT

Tfh purpmsh ml tfes rhshcrgf es tm ebvhsteacth tfh prmonhi ml sphnneba hrrmrs mb tfh

lmrheab nmcbwmrds icdh oy Uhcr 7 pupens eb mbh ml tfh preicry sgfmmns eb Keunu,

Wcocf cbd tfh hipnmyihbt ml „drenneba ihtfmd’ eb mvhrgmieba sugf prmonhi. 4

pupens whrh gfmshb cs rhspmbdhbts lmr tfes rhshcrgf. Dctc whrh gmnnhgthd eb tfrhh

wcys; moshrvctemb mb tfh rhspmbdhbts― wmrksfhht, ebthrvehw cbd prhthst cs whnn cs pmstthst. Iex ihtfmd es ushd eb cbcnyzeba cbd hncomrcteba tfh cgquerhd dctc. Ocshd

mb tfh lebdebas, tfhrh es c pmsetevh rhsunt mb tfh cgfehvhihbt ml tfh rhspmbdhbts

hsphgecnny eb tfh pmstthst wfegf es ebdegcthd oy feaf nhvhn ml gmbledhbgh wfenst

cbswhreba tfh thst cbd tfus cgquerhd hxghnnhbt icrk. Tfes es vhrelehd oy tfh lcgt tfct

lmur rhspmbdhbts icbcahd tm pcss hxghnnhbtny wetf tfh ebgrhcsh ml icrk cvhrcah

lrmi 4:% eb tfh prhthst tm 68.8% eb tfh pmstthst. Drenneba ihtfmd eb thcgfeba tfh

cggurcth lmrheab nmcbwmrds sphnneba iust oh gmbtebuhd sm cs tm cssest tfh

rhspmbdhbts eb gmbsesthbtny sphnneba tfh nmcbwmrds cggurcthny eb tfh luturh.



vee

KCBDXBACB

Iukc Wurct

ZHBAHWCFCB ZHBUHNEC e

ZHBACKXCB ee

DHDEKCWE eee

ZHBAFC_ACCB ev

COWT_CK vCOWT_CGT ve

KCBDXBACB vee

WHBC_CE @CDXCN ex

WHBC_CE _C@CF x

WHBC_CE NCIZE_CB xe

3.: ZHBDCFXNXCB 3

3.3 Zhbahbcncb 3

3.? _hlnhkse Zhbac`crcb dcb Zhiohnc`crcb 7

3.7 _hlnhkse Bence Zhbdedekcb 7

?.: LMKXW KC@ECB 8

?.3 Esu Kc`ecb 8

?.? Teb`cucb Nethrctur <

?.7 Kchdcf Nctef Tuoe 33

7.: MO@HKTEL KC@ECB DCB ZH_WMCNCB KC@ECB 3?

4.: KXIZXNCB WCWC_CB 37

8.: TEBDCKCB UCBA DE@CNCBKCB 34

8.3 Zhrcbgcbacb Tebdckcb 34

<.: GC_C ZHBAXIZXNCB DCTC/IHTMDMNMAE ?:

<.3 Zhbahbcncb ?:



veee

1.: KHZXTXWCB CBCNEWEW DCTC DCB EBTH_Z_HTCWE

DCTC ?7

1.3 Zhbahbcncb ?7

1.? Zhihrfctecb ?8

1.7 Thiuoucn ?11.4 X`ecb Zrc dcb Zms ?6

6.: _XIXWCB DCB _HLNHKWE 71

6.3 Zhbahbcncb 71

6.? _uiuscb 71

6.7 _hlnhkse Dcpctcb Kc`ecb 76

6.4 Khseipuncb 4:

5.: GCDCBACB KC@ECB NCB@XTCB 43

3:.: WHBC_CE _X@XKCB 47

33.: NCIZE_CB 44



ex

WHBC_CE @CDXCN

@cducn Iukc Wurct

3 Icknuict _hspmbdhb 37

? Zrmshs Zhnckscbccb Kcècb Tebdckcb 38

7 Icrkcf Xècb Zrc dcb Xècb Zms ?6

4 @uincf Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Ocae Whtecp _hspmbdhb 7:

8 Zhrctuscb Icrkcf Ocae Whtecp _hspmbdhb 7<



x

WHBC_CE _C@CF

_c`cf Iukc Wurct

3 Imdhn Zrmshs Zhbyhnedekcb Tebdckcb Nhweb 38

? Zhrohzccb Icrkcf Ucba Dephrmnhfe _hspmbdhb Dcnci

Xècb Zrc dcb Zms ?5

7 Oencbacb Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Dcb Wcncf _hspmbdhb

C3 Dcnci Xècb Zrc 7?


C3 Dcnci Xècb Zms 7?


C? Dcnci Xècb Zrc 77

< Oencbacb Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Dcb Wcncf _hspmbdhb

C? Dcnci Xècb Zms 77

1 Oencbacb Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Dcb Wcncf _hspmbdhbC7 Dcnci Xècb Zrc 74


C7 Dcnci Xècb Zms 74


C4 Dcnci Xècb Zrc 78

3: Oencbacb Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Dcb Wcncf _hspmbdhb

C4 Dcnci Xècb Zms 78



xe

WHBC_CE NCIZE_CB

Ncipercb Iukc Wurct

C Thiu Oucn 3 44

O Thiu Oucn ? 48

G Fcsen Khr`c Cktevete Dhbacr & H`c (Zhihrfctecb Cwcn) 4<

D Nctef Tuoe E (Cktevete Dhbacr & H`c) 41

H Nctef Tuoe EE 46

L X`ecb Zrc (Whohnui Nctef Tuoe E&EE De`cncbkcb) 45

A X`ecb Zms (Whnhpcs Nctef Tuoe E&EE De`cncbkcb) 8:



3

3.: ZHBDCFXNXCB

3.3 Zhbahbcncb

Ocfcsc Ihncyu sudcf ihbacncie phnocace ohbtuk phrkhiocbacb ycba

ihbyuiocba khpcdc khicipucb ocfcsc ebe ubtuk ihbaubakcpkcb phnocace fcn

ihbaekut ncrcs ocfcsc ycba shsuce. Cbtcrc phrkhiocbacb ycba deicksudkcb ecncf

phrkhiocbacb dcre shae imrlmnmae, sebtckses, nhksekmarcle (phrohbdcfcrccb kctc ctcu

kmsc kctc) dcb mrtmarcle (sesthi dcb ohbtuk h`ccb). Ebe throukte cpcoenc Ocfcsc

Ihncyu dcpct ihbaubakcpkcb phnocace oedcba shphrte oedcba Wcebs, khcaciccb,

phrubdcbacb, khfckeicb, khoudcyccb, phbakmiputhrcb, phrtcbecb dcb cdc ocbyck

ncae shohbcrbyc. Fcsen ckferbyc ecncf Ocfcsc Ihncyu Ocku (Ocfcsc Ihncyu Lmricn)

deaubckcb shgcrc ihnucs dcnci phnocace oedcba.

Fcn ycba kfususbyc pctut ubtuk decioen phrfctecb ocae Ocfcsc Ihncyu ecncf

phieb`cicb kmsc kctc cseba ycba ohrtuùcb ubtuk ihiphrkcyckcb ncae

phrohbdcfcrccb kctc Ocfcsc Ihncyu dcb shncbùtbyc ihiomnhfkcb Ocfcsc Ihncyu

ohrdere scic tebaae dhbacb ocfcsc-ocfcsc cseba nceb de dubec. Zhieb`cicb kmsc kctc

cseba oukcbncf sctu phtubùk ctcu ebdekcse ocfcwc Ocfcsc Ihncyu etu nhicf dcb

tedck ohrupcyc ubtuk ihbaubakcpkcb sctu-sctu phrkcrc. Zhieb`cicb kmsc kctc ùac

cict phbteba dcnci ihbyuiocba khpcdc khicùcb dcb phrkhiocbacb ocfcsc ycba

phsct shphrte ycba thncf dephrkctckcb tcde. Whohbcrbyc, Ocfcsc Ihncyu oukcbncf

sctu-sctubyc ocfcsc ycba ihieb`ci kmsc kctc cseba. Ocfcsc Ebaahres, shocace

gmbtmf ùac ihieb`ci kctc-kctc Ocfcsc Ncteb (Zhrcbges, Whpcbymn, Zmrtuaes),



?

Uubcbe dcb shohbcrbyc ocbyck ncae. Cbtcrc ocfcsc-ocfcsc ycba ihbyuiocba

khpcdc nucsbyc kmsc kctc Ocfcsc Ihncyu ecncf Ocfcsc Wcbskret, Ocfcsc Crco,

Ocfcsc Zmrtuaes, Ocfcsc Ohncbdc, Ocfcsc Ebaahres, Ocfcsc Gebc dcb khiubakebcb

ohscr cdc ncae.

Whfuoubacb dhbacb etu, sesthi h`ccb ctcu mrtmarcle Ocfcsc Ihncyu ùac turut

ohrkhiocba yckbe dcre tunescb `cwe khpcdc tunescb ruie. Kctc-kctc peb`cicb dcre

ocfcsc cseba, shgcrc kfususbyc ùac deh`c ihburut sesthi mrtmarcle ycba sudcf shdec

cdc dhbacb cturcb-cturcb thrthbtu ycba ihbaekct. Iescnbyc, kctc „ous’ dcb

„thnhpfmbh’ dcnci Ocfcsc Ebaahres deh`c shocace „ocs’ dcb „thnhlmb’. Ihbacpc

dhiekecb= Ebe cdcncf ohrtuùcb ubtuk ihbyhsucekcb kctc peb`cicb thrshout dhbacb

sesthi lmbmnmae Ihncyu.

Cpcoenc Ocfcsc Ihncyu ctcu dcnci kmbthks phbdedekcb yckbe Ocfcsc

Icncysec depenef shocace ocfcsc khocbasccb dcnci Zhrkcrc 38? dcnci Zhrnhiocaccb

Icncysec, Ocfcsc Ihncyu ùac dephrkhbcnkcb dcnci sesthi phbdedekcb bhacrc dcb

shthrusbyc de`cdekcb ocfcsc phbacbtcr dcnci khocbyckcb shkmncf dcb ebstetuse

phbacècb tebaae de bhacrc ebe. Whfuoubacb dhbacb etu, sesthi h`ccb ycba sudcf

dephricbtcpkcb thncf shdec cdc shwcktu khdudukcb Ocfcsc Ihncyu debcekkcb. Ebe

ohrickbc, wcracbhacrc Icncysec ycba icsef ohrshkmncf defcruskcb ubtuk

ihbaucsce Ocfcsc Ihncyu Ocku.

Zhbaucsccb Ocfcsc Ihncyu (ctcu Ocfcsc Icncysec dcnci kmbthks

phbdedekcb) ihneoctkcb phbaucsccb mrtmarcle ctcu sesthi dcb ohbtuk h`ccb. Ebe

khrcbc phbaucsccb shsuctu ocfcsc oukcbncf ohracbtuba khpcdc phbycipcecb dcnci

ohbtuk nescb thtcpe ùac dcnci ohbtuk tunescb. Ebencf csphk nebauestek ycba ihb`cde

lmkus kcècb phbakcè. Lmkus kcècb dekfususkcb ncae khpcdc h`ccb kctc peb`cicb.



7

Icscncf ycba ockcn dekcè ecncf khsencpcb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba

dcnci kcncbacb iured-iured shkmncf rhbdcf. Ebe ihrupckcb sctu ebdekcse de icbc

phbaucsccb h`ccb kctc-kctc peb`cicb ùac cict iustcfck cacr kh`cbaacncb dcnci

phbunescb ocfcsc dcpct dehnckkcb.

3.? _hlnhkse Zhbac`crcb dcb Zhiohnc`crcb Ncnu

Zhbakcè thncf decicbcfkcb ubtuk ihbac`cr ictc phnc`crcb Ocfcsc Icncysec

Tcfub 7 dcnci shoucf shkmncf shicsc ihb`cncbe prcktekui thricsuk ùac

ebthrbsfep. Whpcb`cba ihnckscbckcb prmshs phbac`crcb dcb phiohnc`crcb, phbakcè

ihbdcpcte ocfcwc iured-iured (shthrusbyc ckcb deshout shocace rhspmbdhb)

shrebakcne ihiouct khsencpcb shicsc ihbah`c kctc peb`cicb shphrte „rhkrhcse’ ycba

ihrhkc h`c shocace „rhkrecse’, „hpcn’ shocace „cphn’, „sthshb’ shocace „sthsyhb’, dcb

ocbyck ncae dcnci kcrcbacb ihrhkc.

Mnhf khrcbc sesthi h`ccb Ocfcsc Icncysec cdcncf iudcf de icbc co`cd

desusub ihbaekut shoutcb dcnci shsuctu phrkctccb, rhspmbdhb iubakeb thrkhneru

dhbacb shoutcb kctc peb`cicb ycba icsef ncae fciper dhbacb shoutcb dcnci ocfcsc

cscn phrkctccb peb`cicb thrshout. Zhbakcè guoc ubtuk ohrtcbyckcb shgcrc nescb

khpcdc rhspmbdhb thbtcba h`ccb thpct kctc peb`cicb ycba ihrhkc khbcne. Dedcpcte

ocfcwc rhspmbdhb icsef ncae thrcack-cack dcnci ihiohrekcb `cwcpcb ycba ohtun

ocae h`ccb kctc peb`cicb.

3.7 _hlnhkse Bence Zhbdedekcb

Ihburut Kcius Dhwcb (?::4), ihbah`c ohricksud ihioubyekcb (ihbunes)

furul-furul shgcrc ohrturut-turut dcnci shsuctu phrkctccb. Wudcf pcste kctc-kctc

peb`cicb dcnci ocfcsc cseba ùac thricsuk dcnci phbah`ccb. Mnhf etu, phbaucsccb



4

h`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba scbactncf phbteba ocae pefck pcrc rhspmbdhb

iured.

Dcnci teac ouncb ihb`cncbe prcktekui, phbakcè ycba sudcf tcfu icscncf

rhspmbdhb ohruscfc ubtuk ihiohre ncae nctefcb dcb ihbacdckcb shse smcn `cwco

dhbacb rhspmbdhb ohrkhbccb dhbacb h`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba. Bcipck

acycbyc rhspmbdhb icsef ncae khneru thbtcba h`ccb kctc peb`cicb kfususbyc kctc

peb`cicb ocfcsc Ebaahres. Ihrhkc ihbah`c ihbaekut phicfcicb dcb shoutcb

ihrhkc shbdere. Gmbtmfbyc „kenmihthr’ ycba ihrhkc h`c shocace „kenmiethr’.

Whohbcrbyc kcncu deekut sesthi lmbmnmae Ocfcsc Ihncyu, h`ccb thrshout iubakeb

tedck scncf. Bciub h`ccb etu tedck ohrshsucecb dhbacb cturcb phbah`ccb kctc

peb`cicb ycba thncf dethtcpkcb mnhf Dhwcb Ocfcsc dcb Zustckc (DOZ).

Zhbakcè ohrphbdcpct ocfcwc phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb dcnci ocfcsc cseba

oukcbncf shsuctu ycba rhihf ihicbdcbakcb kctc-kctc peb`cicb ycba icbtcp

ohbtukbyc thncf pub ihb`cde shocfcaecb dcrepcdc phrohbdcfcrccb kctc Ocfcsc

Ihncyu ycba kecb icbtcp sh`ck zcicb-ohrzcicb. Mnhf etu, shkercbyc cdc gcgct ghnc

dcre shae khsencpcb h`ccb dcnci shsuctu phbunescb kcrcbacb, ickc tedck ohriutuncf

fcsen phbunescb kcrcbacb etu.

Mnhf etu phbteba ocae icbc-icbc auru ycba ebaeb ihiocbtu iured

ihiphroceke khicfercb phbah`ccb dcnci kcncbacb iured-iured dhbacb

ihbaaubckcb cpc ùc kchdcf kfususbyc kchdcf nctef tuoe cacr icscncf shohaebe

dcpct deohbduba.



<

Kcècb ycba de`cncbkcb ebe ohrtuùcb ubtuk ihiocbtu iured ycba ihrupckcb

rhspmbdhb ubtuk ihbactcse icscncf scncf h`c kctc-kctc peb`cicb. Icksudbyc,

rhspmbdhb ckcb dedhdcfkcb thbtcba shnmk-ohnmk phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc

cseba kfususbyc kctc peb`cicb Ocfcsc Ebaahres. Ebe phbteba ocae ihbyuiocba

khpcdc kucnete phbunescb kcrcbacb ycba nhoef ocek dcb dhbacb dhiekecb tedck

ihb`h`cskcb phbencecb kh ctcs fcsen phbunescb iured.

?.? Teb`cucb Nethrctur

Kcècb khscncfcb h`ccb kctc peb`cicb cseba thncf deohre tuipucb ycba

ihbdcnci dcb decbaacp shocace sctu csphk ycba phbteba dcnci prmshs phbac`crcb

dcb phiohnc`crcb. Whohnui ebe ohohrcpc kcècb thncf de`cncbkcb mnhf phbakcè-

phbakcè thipctcb ubtuk ihbahtcfue ihbacpc dcb ocaceicbc khscncfcb thrshout

omnhf ohrncku.

Nethrctur Ohrkcetcb

Ihburut ouku Zcbducb Xiui Zhiohbtukcb Estencf Ocfcsc Ihncyu (355?),

cdc hbci prebsep phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb shphrte ohrekut0

E. Ihbautcickcb ohbtuk vesucn ctcu furulecf thtcpe deugcpkcb ihburut shoutcb

Ocfcsc Ihncyu

Zsygfmnmay 9 psekmnmae Thgfbequh 9 thkbek

EE. Ihbahkcnkcb auaus kmbsmbcb ycba cdc pcdc Ocfcsc Ebaahres

Gnebeg 9 knebek drcic 9 drcic preietevh 9 preietel

EEE. Ihbahkcnkcb phbunescb ubsur-ubsur dhpcbcb Ocfcsc Ebaahres

cu 9 cudem dec 9 decnhk thnh 9 thnhvesyhb



1

E\. Ihbahkcnkcb phbah`ccb furul "a" ycba deugcpkcb /`/ dcnci Ocfcsc Ebaahres

thtcpe deugcpkcb ihbaekut shoutcb Ocfcsc Ihncyu

Cahbdc 9 cahbdc Trcahdy 9 trcahde Thgfbmnmay 9 thkbmnmae

\. Ihbahkcnkcb oubye /`/ ocae furul "a" ycba deugcpkcb /`/ dcnci Ocfcsc

Ebaahres.

cahbt 9 h`hb gmnnhah 9 kmnh` acrcah 9 acrc`

\E. Kctc cioencb dcrepcdc Ocfcsc Crco deh`c ihburut sesthi h`ccb ruie dcb

deugcpkcb ihburut kchdcf shoutcb Ihncyu.

dzct 9 zct ietfcn 9 iescn ic'icn 9 ickicn

Ict Cnwe oeb Iusc (?:::) ihbyctckcb ocfcwc khsencpcb dcnci h`ccb cdcncf

deshocokcb mnhf ohohrcpc lcktmr. Cbtcrcbyc ecncf iured tedck ihbacioen ohrct

thbtcba h`ccb scic cdc khrcbc icncs ctcupub khrcbc shbac`c ubtuk tedck

ihbahbdcfkcb cturcb h`ccb. Thrdcpct ùac iured ycba tedck lcfci ctcu kurcba crel

thbtcba cturcb h`ccb ocru. Fcn ebe iubakeb ohrpubgc dcrepcdc kurcbabyc phb`hncscb

dcb phbhkcbcb csphk h`ccb dcnci prmshs phbac`crcb dcb phiohnc`crcb de oenek

dcr`cf. Whnceb dcrepcdc etu, phbacruf ekncb dcb ihdec ghtck ycba tedck shrcaci

dcnci phbaaubccb sesthi h`ccb ocru ùac turut denefct shocace lcktmr khkhnerucb ebe.

Kcècb Nhpcs

Cwcba Imfcicd Cieb (356?) thncf ihihtek fcsen kcècb ycba deouct mnhf

Wfcric (356:) ycba ihbdcpcte khscncfcb phbaaubccb ocfcsc dcpct deocfcaekcb

khpcdc teac kcthamre ycba utcic, ecetu khscncfcb ocfcsc ycba deshout shocace rcnct

(hrrmr), khscncfcb ycba ohrpubgc dcrepcdc khkhnerucb dcb khscncfcb ycba deshocokcb



6

mnhf kurcba khupcyccb ohrocfcsc. Ihburut ohnecu, khscncfcb `hbes rcnct deshocokcb

mnhf lcktmr hxtrcnebauesteg shphrte nupc, acbaaucb himse, khncncecb shicsc prmshs

phbhreiccb dcb kurcba nctefcb. Khkhnerucb punc deshocokcb mnhf wuùdbyc lcktmr

khncebcb (shphrte phbaaubccb ocfcsc lmricn dcb tedck lmricn). Dcpctcb kcècb ebe

dedcpcte nhoef ihbyhnuruf thrutcic dcre shae pubgc ohrnckubyc khscncfcb thrshout.

Codun Fcied Icfimmd (355:) thncf ihbaacreskcb ohohrcpc icscncf

phbaaubccb ocfcsc Ihncyu dcnci kcncbacb phnc`cr. Lmkus kcècbbyc ecncf khscncfcb

phbaaubccb ocfcsc Ihncyu ocku. Ihburut ohnecu, ocfcsc Ihncyu ocku ohrhrte

phbaucsccb shiuc csphk khocfcsccb thricsukncf csphk shoutcb, h`ccb, estencf,

tctcocfcsc dcb kmsc kctc. Dcpctcb kcècb ohnecu ihbubùkkcb thrdcpct

khtedckshrcacicb shoutcb dcnci kcncbacb phnc`cr ycba ohrncebcb ocbasc. Khscncfcb

shoutcb deshocokcb mnhf phbacruf nmafct dcb thnmr ocfcsc eoubdc. Dcre shae

phbaaubccb phrkctccb ctcu estencf, phnc`cr Gebc nhoef khrcp ihnckukcb khscncfcb

ohrocbdeba dhbacb phnc`cr-phnc`cr nceb. Khscncfcb h`ccb ycba denckukcb mnhf phnc`cr

ohrkescr de shketcr khshncrcscb vmkcn, h`ccb shbde bcic dcb h`ccb kctc peb`cicb,

scic cdc kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc Buscbtcrc, Ebaahres ctcu Crco. Zhbakcè ùac

ihbgcdcbakcb ohohrcpc lcktmr ycba ihbyhocokcb ohrnckubyc khscncfcb ocfcsc

thrshout. Cbtcrcbyc, khkurcbacb auru OI, kchdcf ihbac`cr ycba nhicf, phbacruf

ihdec icssc dcb shocacebyc.

Kcècb khscncfcb ocfcsc de shktmr cwci Wcrcwck thncf denckukcb mnhf @ces

Wcfmk (3553). Wciphn kcècb ohnecu ecncf shocfcaecb khgen kcketcbacb cwci ycba

shdcba ohrkfedict de phnocace `coctcb dcb cahbse khrc`ccb de Wcrcwck. Dcpctcb

kcècb ohnecu ihbubùkkcb thrdcpct khscncfcb ocfcsc ycba denckukcb mnhf sciphn

thrutcic dcnci csphk lmbmnmae, phbackscrccb, suku kctc dcb kctc, kctc shbde, kctc

bcic, kctc khr`c, kctc cd`hktel, khscncfcb shicbtek dcb khscncfcb cyct. Khscncfcb



5

shoutcb ocbyck denckukcb mnhf amnmbacb ouieputhrc oukcb ohrkhturubcb Ihncyu.

Whoutcb ocae phrkctccb peb`cicb, thrutcic peb`cicb dcrepcdc ocfcsc Ebaahres

icsef thtcp dmiebcb dcb kcgcu-oencu khcdccbbyc, shphrte ycba shncnu dephrkctckcb

dcnci ihdec icssc. Dcre shae phbackscrccb punc, khscncfcb h`ccb ihbgctctkcb

oencbacb ycba ohscr. Khocbyckcb sciphn icsef khneru dhbacb sesthi h`ccb ocru,

ihbyhocokcb sekcp tedck kescf scic cdc ycba detunes etu h`ccb ocru ctcupub h`ccb

ncic. Ocae khscncfcb cyct, phbakcè tedck ihbhiue khscncfcb struktur cyct shgcrc

sphselek, thtcpe nhoef khpcdc khscncfcb shocfcaecb kmipmbhb dcnci cyct thrshout,

shphrte khscncfcb phbaaubccb kctc `cick, khscncfcb tcbdc ocgccb, khscncfcb

phb`mdmf oencbacb dcb shocacebyc.

Kmf Omf Ommb (3568) ihiouct kcècb ihbahbce khscncfcb h`ccb dcb

tctcocfcsc Ihncyu ycba denckukcb mnhf shkuipuncb seswczcf. Ihburut ohnecu,

khscncfcb h`ccb ycba khrcp denckukcb ecncf phrkctccb ‖phncbguba― (55.5%), ‖sthsyhb―

(65.?%), ‖phrcout― (64.4%), ‖ncpurcb― (18.7%), ‖pciercb― (66.6%), ‖scicdc― (<8.<%)

dcb ‖thncfpub― (<7.<%). Dcrepcdc dcpctcb kcècb ebe, Kmf Omf Ommb (3568)

ihiouct khseipuncb ocfcwc khocbyckcb seswczcf icsef ohnui oecsc dhbacb

Westhi H`ccb _uie Ocfcsc Ihncyu dcb phbaaubccb pcscbacb phrkctccb ‖phbubtub―

dhbacb ‖phbmbtmb―, ‖shguguk― dhbacb ‖shgmgmk―, ‖rhsie― dcb ‖rcsie― dcb ‖thipuf―

dcb ‖thipmf―.

Imfd Crmp oeb Imfd Qczer (356<) thncf ihiouct kcècb thrfcdcp iured-

iured tcfub 4 Kurekunui Ohrshpcdu Whkmncf _hbdcf (KOW_) de teac oucf shkmncf

rhbdcf de Whncbamr. Kcècbbyc cdcncf thrfcdcp hipct mrcba iured ocae shtecp

shkmncf. Dcrepcdc fcsen kcècbbyc, ohnecu ihiouct khseipuncb ocfcwc KOW_ thncf

ohr`cyc ihbhrcpkcb khicfercb h`ccb ocfcsc Ihncyu. Zhbaucsccb h`ccb iured-iured

dedcpcte ihbgcpce tcfcp ycba thrtebaae dhbacb ieb 1?.?, ihdecb 15.1 dcb imd 68.8.



3:

Cbtcrc khnhicfcb ycba dekhscb ecncf ihbah`c acoubacb kctc , kctc peb`cicb dcb

kctc dhpcb. Whrcice 48 mrcba iured ecetu 8<% dcrepcdcbyc dcpct ihb`cwco shpcruf

ctcu tedck dcpct ihb`cwco ncbasuba h`ccb kctc peb`cicb.

Zcdc phrebakct ebe, kcècb ùac thncf de`cncbkcb mnhf ohohrcpc mrcba phbakcè,

Cficd Pcfcrcbe (?::<) dcb Cod Fcied Icfiud (356?) thncf ihb`cncbkcb kcècb

kh ctcs phnc`cr tebakctcb 8 dcb tebakctcb <. Kcècb ohnecu ohrdcscrkcb khrtcs `cwcpcb

Ocfcsc Ihncyu dcnci Weèn Zhnc`crcb Icncysec (WZI) dcb Weèn Tebaae Zhnc`crcb

Icncysec (WTZI). Fcsen kcècb ihbdcpcte ocfcwc phnc`cr-phnc`cr ihbafcdcpe

icscncf dcnci phbaaubccb vmkcn deshocokcb phbacruf decnhk. Zhbacruf decnhk dcb

ocfcsc ocscfcb nhoef ocbyck ihiphbacrufe khscncfcb h`ccb phnc`cr-phnc`cr

thrutcicbyc phnc`cr ycba ohrcscn dcre bhahre Khdcf ohrocbdeba phnc`cr dcre @mfmr.

Gmbtmfbyc 0

e. thnhvesyhb deh`c „tcnevesyhb’

Khseipuncb

Dcrepcdc fcsen teb`cucb nethrctur, dcpctncf deruiuskcb ocfcwc thrdcpct

ocbyck kcècb khs ycba thncf de`cncbkcb mnhf phbakcè-phbakcè nhpcs ycba

ihbubùkkcb ocfcwc icscncf khsencpcb h`ccb denckukcb mnhf shiuc phnc`cr scic

cdc phnc`cr shkmncf rhbdcf, phnc`cr shkmncf ihbhbacf, auru-auru phnctef ctcupub

phnc`cr ubevhrsete. Mnhf shoco etu, dcnci kcècb ebe phbakcè ckcb ihbakcè sh`cuf

icbckcf khsencpcb h`ccb dcpct dekurcbakcb dhbacb ihbaaubckcb thkbek nctef tuoe

ihncnue phbunescb kcrcbacb ocfcsc Ihncyu.



33

?.7 Kchdcf Nctef Tuoe

Kchdcf nctef tuoe oukcbncf sctu edhc ocfcru. Kchdcf ebe ohrcscskcb khpcdc

Thmre Ohfcvemresih ycba dephnmpmre mnhf ohohrcpc tmkmf thrkhbcn shphrte Tfmrbdekh,

Wkebbhr dcb Zcvnmv. Ihburut Cdhbcb Cymo dcb Kfceruddeb Imfcicd (?:3?), thmre

ebe ihbhkcbkcb phrencku, dcb ebdevedu ocbyck ohnc`cr ihncnue phbacncicb mtckbyc.

Thmre ebe ohrpcbdcbacb ocfcwc ‖ocfcsc thr`cde fcsen dcrepcdc mphrcse rcbascbacb dcb

ahrck ocncs ycba ohracbtuba pcdc gere-gere bcnure icbusec―. @usthru, ocfcsc ecncf

prmshs phrencku ycba ohrdcscrkcb mphrcse rcbascbacb dcb tebdck ocncs. Amnmbacb

ohfcvemres ohrphbdcpct ocfcwc phihrmnhfcb cdcncf shsuctu phrnckucb ycba thr`cde

ihncnue uncbacb phrnckucb etu.

Zhrkcrc-phrkcrc shphrte nctefcb dcb nctef tuoe cictncf phbteba ubtuk

de`cncbkcb dhbacb khrcp ocae ihiomnhfkcb phihrmnhfcb ocfcsc ohrncku shfebaac

ihb`cde cicncb khoecsccb. Dhbacb ebe, khicfercb ocfcsc dcpct dephrmnhf. Mnhf ycba

dhiekecb, iured-iured fhbdckncf deohre phnucba ubtuk ohrnctef ohruncba kcne ocae

ihiohbtuk tcoect dcnci dere ihrhkc. Dcnci fcn phbah`ccb, rhspmbdhb iured phrnu

dedhdcfkcb dcb denctef dhbacb cpc ùc `hbes cktevete phbah`ccb kctc-kctc peb`cicb

shgcrc ohruncba-uncba cacr iured omnhf ihbaucsce h`ccb-h`ccb kctc peb`cicb ycba

ohtun etu.

Nctef tuoe omnhf de`cncbkcb dcnci cpc ùc ohbtuk ctcu gcrc cscnkcb ec

denckukcb dcnci skcnc ycba ohruncba-uncba shfebaacncf iured ckferbyc ihbaucsce

khicfercb ycba phrnu ubtuk dekucsce. Zhbakcè thncf ohruscfc ubtuk

ihiphnocacekcb `hbes nctefcb ycba thrcbakui dcnci kchdcf nctef tuoe cacr

rhspmbdhb iured tedck ohrcsc omscb ncnu kurcba iebct punc ubtuk ihiphroceke

khicfercb ihrhkc shbdere.



3?

7.: MO@HKTEL KC@ECB/ WMCNCB KC@ECB

7.3 Mo`hktel Kc`ecb

7.3.3 Ihbahbcn pcste tcfcp phbaucsccb h`ccb-h`ccb kctc peb`cicb ycba ohtun mnhf

rhspmbdhb.

7.3.? Ihbahbcn pcste khohrkhscbcb kchdcf nctef tuoe dcnci ihbebakctkcb

khicfercb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb dcnci kcncbacb iured tcfub Teac.

7.? Zhrsmcncb Kc`ecb

7.?.3 Wh`cuf icbckcf tcfcp phbaucscb rhspmbdhb ohrkhbccb h`ccb-h`ccb kctc

peb`cicb ycba ohtun=

7.?.? Cdckcf khicfercb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb dcpct detebakctkcb dhbacb

ihbaaubckcb kchdcf nctef tuoe=



37

4.: KXIZXNCB WCWC_CB

Kuipuncb scscrcb phbakcè thrdere dcrepcdc hipct mrcba iured Tcfub 7 ycba

ohrshkmncf de scncf shoucf shkmncf de kcwcscb Keunu, Wcocf. Whkmncf thrshout

ihrupckcb Whkmncf Kurcba Iured (WKI). Zhbakcè thncf detuacskcb ubtuk

ihbac`cr ictc phnc`crcb Ocfcsc Icncysec ocae Tcfub 7 shpcb`cba ihb`cncbe

prcktekui de shkmncf ebe. _hspmbdhb ycba fhbdck dekcè dedcpcte ihipubyce

icscncf dcnci ihbah`c kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba.

Ohrekut ihrupckcb icknuict ncbùt thbtcba rhspmbdhb ycba dekcè.

@cducn 30 Icknuict _hspmbdhb

OEN KMD IX_ED TCFXB @CBTEBC

3. C3 7 N

?. C? 7 N

7. C7 7 N

4. C4 7 N



34

8.: TEBDCKCB UCBA DE@CNCBKCB

8.3 Zhrcbgcbacb Tebdckcb

Ocae ihbactcse icscncf ycba defcdcpe mnhf rhspmbdhb, phbakcè ckcb

ihbaaubckcb kchdcf nctef tuoe. Kchdcf ebe shsuce deaubckcb ubtuk ihiocbtu iured

ihbaucsce cturcb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba.

Zhbakcè ihbaaubckcb Imdhn Kurt Nhweb dcnci ihb`cncbkcb kcècb.

Ihburut Nhweb (354<), kcècb tebdckcb ihiphrnefctkcb suctu ketcrcb ncbakcf-

ncbakcf. Wuctu ketcrcb kcècb tebdckcb ihipubyce hipct ncbakcf ecetu ihrcbgcba,

ihihrfcte dcb ihrhlnhk. Ketcrcb ebe ckcb ohrthruscb kh ketcrcb shthrusbyc ycba

ihneoctkcb ihrcbgcba shiunc, ohrtebdck, ihihrfcte dcb ihrhlnhk ocae

ihbafcsenkcb ketcrcb ocru. Imdhn kcècb tebdckcb Nhweb ebe detubùkkcb dcnci

_c`cf 3.



Ohrekut ecncf `cducn

phbakcè ohrdcscrkcb

@c

Ncbakcf

Ncbakcf 3 Zhba

iure

ihi

ohbcr

ihrc

38

_c`cf 30 Imdhn Kurt Nhweb

ycba ihbubùkkcb phnckscbckcb kcècb y

imdhn rhkc kcècb tebdckcb Nhweb (354<)0

ducn ? 0 Zrmshs Zhnckscbccb Kcècb Tebdckcb

Tebdckcb

Ihrcbgcba

cè ckcb ihbeb`cu shiunc phricscncfcb

-iured dcnci csphk phbah`ccb kctc pe

stekcb cacr phbakcè yckeb ocfcwc icscn

wuùd dcnci kcncbacb iured supcy

gcba ocaceicbc kcècb ckcb denckukcb.

ba denckukcb mnhf

cba defcdcpe mnhf

`cicb. Ebe ubtuk

cf thrshout ohbcr-

c phbakcè dcpct



3<

Ncbakcf ? Zhbakcè ihienef sciphn-sciphn kcècb ycba omnhf ihiohrekcb

khr`cscic shrtc kmietihb. Whnceb etu, sciphn ycba depenef ecncf

cdcncf dcre kcncbacb iured ycba ihipubyce tcfcp phbahtcfucb dcb

khicfercb phbunescb ycba nhoef kurcba scic. Whthrusbyc, phbakcè

ckcb ihbhtcpkcb icsc-icsc kcècb thrshout cacr kcècb dcpct

ohr`cncb ihbaekut thbtctel ycba shpctutbyc.

Ncbakcf 7 Zhbakcè ihrcbgcba ubtuk ihbahtcfue tcfcp phbahtcfucb dcb

khicfercb phbah`ccb iured thrnhoef dcfunu dcb desusune mnhf tcfcp

phbahtcfucb dcb khicfercb pcdc ckfer kcècb. Mnhf ycba dhiekecb,

phbakcè thncf ihbyhdeckcb ohohrcpc sht ebstruihb kcècb ubtuk

ihbakcè csphk-csphk thrshout. Wcncf sctu ebstruihb kcècb ecncf

uècb prc dcb uècb pms.

Ncbakcf 4 Whnhpcs etu, phbakcè ihrcbgcba ubtuk ihbyhick shiunc

khomnhftcdoercb ebstruihb kcècb cacr ethi-ethibyc scneba ohrkcetcb

dhbacb mo`hktel dcb phrsmcncb kcècb.



31

Ncbakcf 8 Xbtuk ihnefct khohrkhscbcb kchdcf nctef tuoe dcnci khicfercb

phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb, phbakcè thncf ihrcbgcba phnckscbccb

kchdcf nctef tuoe ycba phrnu ihbdcfunue phnckscbccb uècb pms.

Ohrtebdck

Ncbakcf < Zcdc iuncbyc, phbakcè ihb`cncbkcb uècb prc ubtuk ihbaukur

sh`cuf icbc phbgcpcecb ihrhkc dcnci khicfercb phbah`ccb kctc

peb`cicb ebe.

Ncbakcf 1 Whthrusbyc, phbakcè thncf ihb`cncbkcb shse thiuoucn ohrstruktur

ubtuk ihbahtcfue tcfcp phbahtcfucb dcb khicfercb phbah`ccb kctc

peb`cicb pcdc iured .

Ncbakcf 6 Zhbakcè ihb`cncbkcb ebthrvhbse thrfcdcp sciphn. Ebe ihrcbakuie

nctef tuoe ycba thrdere dcrepcdc cktevete dhbacr dcb h`c dcb nctefcb-

nctefcb ohrtunes ycba omnhf ihiocbtu rhspmbdhb iured ihiphroceke

khicfercb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb.

Ncbakcf 5 Iured-iured deohre phnucba ubtuk ohrnctef dcb ihbaucsce shrtc

ihioecsckcb dere dhbacb h`ccb kctc-kctc peb`cicb ycba ihrhkc

khtcfue.

Ncbakcf 3: Whthrusbyc, phbakcè ckcb ihbence shiunc phruocfcb dcre shae

khicfercb iured dcnci csphk phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb shthncf deohre

thipmf. Xbtuk ihbence phrkhiocbacb iured, phbakcè thncf

ihbaaubckcb ebstruihb phihrfctecb pms shrtc thiu oucn ohrstruktur

pms.



36

Ihihrfcte (ihbauipun oukte)

De`cncbkcb

pcdc icsc

ycba scic

dhbacb

ncbakcf 1

Zhbakcè ihiouct phihrfctecb dcb phbauipuncb oukte dhbacb

ohrfcte-fcte shrtc thnete. Ebe ubtuk ihbdcpctkcb oukte dcb dctc ycba

thpct. Whkercbyc icbc-icbc cktevete acacn de`cncbkcb, phbakcè ckcb

ihbauncba shiunc cktevete thrshout ubtuk ihbdcpctkcb dctc ycba scf

dcb omnhf dephrgcyce. Mnhf etu, phbakcè thncf ihbaaubckcb kcihrc

aciocr shocace oukte phihrfctecb denckscbckcb. Cpcoenc phbakcè

ihbafcdcpe khiusykencb shicsc phihrfctecb denckukcb, phbakcè

ckcb ihruùk shiunc khpcdc aciocr ycba thncf decioen. Whnceb etu,

shicsc ihiouct phihrfctecb, phbakcè tedck phrbcf cdc phrguoccb

ubtuk ihiphbacrufe phiekercb iured-iured ubtuk ihbdcpctkcb

khputuscb. Zhbakcè fcbyc ihiohrekcb crcfcb khpcdc iured-iured

cpc ycba phrnu denckukcb dcb tuacs phbakcè fcbycncf ihihrfcte

dcb ihbautep dctc.

Ihrhlnhk (Cbcnesc dcb rhlnhkse)

De`cncbkcb

pcdc icsc

ycba scic

dhbacb

ncbakcf 3:

Ohrdcscrkcb dctc-dctc ihbtcf ycba dephrmnhfe, phbakcè ckcb

ihbyusub shiunc dctc-dctc thrshout. Dctc-dctc ycba tedck phbteba

ctcu tedck ihiocwc eipck de dcnci kcècb ckcb denupuskcb. Fcbyc

dctc ycba omnhf ihbyuiocba khpcdc kcècb scfc`c ycba ckcb

decbcnesc. Zhbakcè ckcb ihiocbdebakcb dctc ubtuk ebstruihb prc

dcb ebstruihb pms ubtuk ihbahbcnpcste phruocfcb dcb

phrkhiocbacb ycba seabelekcb. Zhbakcè thncf ihbacbcneses dctc-

dctc thrshout shgcrc kucbtetctel ihncnue phihrmnhfcb purctc shrtc



35

phrctus phbgcpcecb iured. Whnceb etu, dctc-dctc thrshout `uac thncf

decbcneses dhbacb ihbaaubckcb kchdcf ohrgcipur ocae

ihbhrcbakcb shoco shsuctu phbebakctcb ctcu phruocfcb etu ohrncku.



?:

<.: GC_C ZHBAXIZXNCB DCTC/IHTMDMNMAE

<.3 Zhbahbcncb

Zhbakcè ihbaaubckcb phnocace kchdcf dcb ebstruihb dcnci ihbauipun dctc.

Cnncb dcb Iennhr (shphrte ycba debyctckcb mnhf Ckfecr Zcrde & Wfcisebc Wfcisuddeb,

?:3?) ihbyctckcb ocfcwc tuipucb phbakcècb tebdckcb prcktekcn cdcncf khpcdc oenek

dcr`cf dcb shkmncf shohbcr. Mnhf etu, ebstruihb ycba deaubckcb mnhf phbakcè

denckscbckcb scic cdc de dcnci khncs ctcu kcwcscb shkmncf. Ohrekut ihrupckcb 7

ebstruihb ycba deaubckcb ubtuk ihbauipunkcb dctc.

3. Thiuoucn

Zhbakcè thncf ihnckscbckcb thiu oucn dcnci khcdccb ycba tedck lmricn ecetu

shnhpcs phbakcè shnhsce ihbycipcekcb phbac`crcbbyc de dcnci khncs. Wmcncb thiu oucn

ycba decùkcb cdcncf dcnci ohbtuk smcncb thrtutup dcb throukc. Wmcncb ycba deohrekcb

cdcncf nhoef khpcdc ohrtcbyc thbtcba phbdcpct dcb phrcsccb ihrhkc shicsc

ihiphnc`cre cturcb h`ccb kctc peb`cicb cseba. Whnceb dcrepcdc etu, phbakcè ohrtcbyc

thbtcba shoco ihrhkc tedck dcpct ihbah`c kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba dhbacb ohtun.

Thiuoucn de`cncbkcb shgcrc ohrstruktur dhbacb hipct mrcba rhspmbdhb

ohrkhbccb dhbacb icscncf phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb. Ebe ohrickbc smcncb-smcncb ycba

dekhiukckcb sudcf dethtcpkcb mnhf phbakcè. Zhbakcè ihbhiuoucn rhspmbdhb iured

shohnui ihb`cncbkcb uècb prc. Thiuoucn decdckcb pcdc phbafuùba shse phbac`crcb



?3

dcb phiohnc`crcb. Mnhf khrcbc oencbacb rhspmbdhb iured fcbyc hipct mrcba, phbakcè

ihbgctct shiuc icknui ocncs ihrhkc. Ihskepub shkcdcr ohrohbtuk phrgckcpcb cbtcrc

duc pefck, thiuoucn shihicbabyc throukte ohrkhscb dcnci ihbauipun dctc-dctc ycba

dephrnukcb dcre pefck rhspmbdhb. Thiuoucn omnhf ihiohre icknuict ycba ohrfcrac

ycba pcste tedck dcpct debclekcb khicipucbbyc ubtuk ihicbtcpkcb ncae bence

khomnhfphrgcyccb dcnci shsuctu kcècb. Mnhf khrcbc etu, phbakcè ohruscfc ubtuk

ihicstekcb cacr phrtcbyccb ycba dekhiukckcb khpcdc rhspmbdhb dcpct delcfcie

dhbacb shrctus phrctus mnhf pcrc rhspmbdhb.

Thiu oucn de`cncbkcb shthncf uècb prc denckscbckcb dcb ùac shthncf uècb pms

de`cncbkcb. Ebe ohrtuùcb ubtuk ihbgcre tcfu sh`cuf icbckcf tcfcp phbgcpcecb iured

dcnci fcn phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb.

?. Zhihrfctecb

Whpcb`cba ihnckscbckcb kcècb, phbakcè ùac turut ihbaaubckcb ebstruihb

phihrfctecb tedck ohrstruktur dcnci prmshs ihbauipunkcb dctc ohrkhbccb rhspmbdhb.

Zhbakcè ckcb ihnefct phrnckucb dcb sekcp rhspmbdhb shicsc ohrcdc de dcnci khncs.

Zhbakcè ùac dcpct ihnefct prhstcse dcb phrkhiocbacb rhspmbdhb ihncnue nhiocrcb

khr`c dcb nctefcb ohrtunes ycba denckscbckcb.

Iured tedck ihieneke icscncf phbdhbacrcb ctcupub icscncf nhiocp khrcbc

ihrhkc dcpct ihicfcie crcfcb dcb khfhbdck phbakcè. Iured ùac tedck ihbacncie

icscncf dcnci ihicfcie kctc-kctc peb`cicb thrshout khrcbc ihrhkc khbcn ckcb kctc-

kctc thrshout dcb phrbcf ihbdhbacrbyc ctcupub ihiocgcbyc dcre thnhvesyhb, rcdem,

ouku thks, ic`cncf ctcu surct kfcocr.



??

Zhihrfctecb deouct pcdc 7 @unce ?:37 ctcs fcsen khr`c iured ohrkhbccb phbah`ccb

kctc-kctc peb`cicb. Ebe denckukcb shohnui uècb prc denckscbckcb shocace sctu

phihrfctecb ycba ohrtuùcb ubtuk ihbhbtufscfkcb scic cdc pcrc rhspmbdhb ohbcr-

ohbcr ihbacncie icscncf thrshout ctcupub shocnekbyc.

7. Xècb Zrc & Zms/Zcsgc

Xècb prc ecncf uècb phbgcpcecb ycba deduduke mnhf shiuc rhspmbdhb shohnui

ebthrvhbse deiunckcb. Mnhf etu, phbakcè thncf ihnckscbckcb uècb prc ubtuk ihbauè

khlcfcicb dcb phbaucsccb iured dcnci phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba. Wmcncb

ycba deohrekcb cdcncf dcnci ohbtuk uècb. Cdc 3: oucf smcncb de icbc iured deiebtc

ubtuk ihienef dcb ihbunes `cwcpcb ycba delekerkcb ohtun. Whthncf etu cbcneses ckcb

deouct ohrdcscrkcb ùincf `cwcpcb ycba ohtun dcb shncbùtbyc ihicrkcfe uècb prc

thrshout.

Xècb pms ihrupckcb uècb phbgcpcecb ycba deduduke mnhf pcrc rhspmbdhb

shthncf ebthrvhbse de`cncbkcb. @uincf smcncb cdcncf scic dhbacb uècb prc.

Khohrkhscbcb ebthrvhbse dcpct denefct ihbhruse ùincf icrkcf ycba dephrmnhf

rhspmbdhb dcnci uècb pms scic cdc ihbebakct ctcu ihrmsmt. Whthrusbyc, icrkcf uècb

prc dcb pms ckcb decbcneses khpcdc ohbtuk phrocbdebacb ycba nhoef `hncs ecetu arcl, gcrtc

pce ctcu icbc-icbc ohbtuk ycba shsuce.



?7

1.: CBCNEWEW DCTC DCB EBTH_Z_HTCWE/ DCZCTCB KC@ECB

1.3 Zhbahbcncb

Cdc duc phrsmcncb kcècb ycba de`cwco ecetu sh`cuf icbckcf tcfcp phbaucscb

rhspmbdhb ohrkhbccb h`ccb-h`ccb kctc peb`cicb ycba ohtun shocace phrsmcncb phrtcic

dcb cdckcf khicfercb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb dcpct detebakctkcb dhbacb

ihbaaubckcb kchdcf nctef tuoe shocace phrsmcncb khduc.

Ocae phrsmcncb phrtcic, phbebakctcb phbaucsccb kctc peb`cicb dcpct denefct

dcre fcsen thiu oucn dcb ùac phihrfctecb ycba thncf de`cncbkcb. Dcnci thiu oucn, pcrc

rhspmbdhb ihiohre icknui ocncs ycba pmsetel thbtcba khohrkhscbcb ebthrvhbse ycba

ihiomnhfkcb ihrhkc nunus dhbacb ghihrncba dcnci uècb pms. Fcsen phihrfctecb ctcs

fcsen khr`c iured ùac ihiphrnefctkcb phbebakctcb phbaucsccb h`ccb kctc peb`cicb de

icbc ihrhkc dcpct ihbah`c kctc peb`cicb dhbacb nhoef thpct dcnci nhiocrcb khr`c

nctef tuoe shnhpcs ebthrvhbse. Mnhf etu shkcne ncae fcsen pmsetel thiu oucn dcb ùac

phihrfctecb ihiohre `cwcpcb ycba `hncs thrfcdcp phrsmcncb phrtcic.

Xbtuk ihb`cwco phrsmcncb khduc, shihicbabyc kchdcf nctef tuoe scbact

ohrkhscb dcnci ihiphrtebakctkcb khicfercb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba. Ebe

khrcbc dhbacb nctefcb ycba ohruncba-uncba thricsuk cktevete „dhbacr dcb h`c’ ycba

decdckcb ohohrcpc kcne shocace nctef tuoe, rhspmbdhb iured dcpct ihioecsckcb dere

dhbacb h`ccb-h`ccb kctc peb`cicb ycba ckurct dcb thpct. Ebe throukte cpcoenc pcrc



?4

rhspmbdhb ihbubùkkcb phbebakctcb pmsetel ycba seabelekcb dcnci uècb pms. Ebe ùac

deouktekcb mnhf khbyctccb rhspmbdhb shbdere ocfcwc shkercbyc phbac`crcb khicfercb

phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba deuncba, ihrhkc pcste dcpct ihioecsckcb dere dcb

shncbùtbyc ihbaebacte h`ccb kctc-kctc peb`cicb ycba thpct.



?8

1.? Zhihrfctecb

Kchdcf phihrfctecb ecncf kchdcf ycba shsuce dcnci ihb`cncbkcb shsuctu kcècb.

Zhrkcrc ebe thncf debyctckcb mnhf Ihreci (shphrte ycba debyctckcb mnhf Imfd Pcwcwe,

?:33) ocfcwc phihrfctecb cdcncf gcrc throcek ocae ihbauipun dctc cscn ‖lerst fcbd

hbgmubthr― thbtcba phrkcrc ycba fhbdck dekcè. Ickc omnhfncf dekctckcb ocfcwc kchdcf

phihrfctecb ebe ihrupckcb kchdcf thrdcfunu ycba deaubckcb mnhf phbakcè ubtuk

ihbdcpctkcb shsuctu icknuict shohnui ihiunckcb kcècb. Ihncnue ebstruihb

phihrfctecb ùac, phbakcè omnhf ihbahscb dcb ihbdcpct aciocrcb cwcn thbtcba

icscncf ycba defcdcpe mnhf rhspmbdhb pcdc phrebakct cwcn. Ebstruihb thrshout cdcncf

ohrohbtuk khr`c iured.

Zcdc 7 @unce, phbakcè thncf ihb`cncbkcb sctu phihrfctecb (dhbacr dcb h`c) ctcs

fcsen khr`c iured ohrkhbccb dhbacb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb. Zhbakcè ihbyhout kctc

peb`cicb ycba dekhtcfue mnhf iured tcfub 7 shphrte „thnhvesyhb’, „hnhktrek’, „hpcn’,

„rhkrhcse’, „sycrekct’ dcb ocbyck ncae shgcrc sctu phrsctu ncnu ihiebtc iured ubtuk

ihbah`cbyc dhbacb ihbunes pcdc khrtcs ycba dehdcrkcb mnhf phbakcè. Whthncf

ihb`cncbkcb phihrfctecb ohrohbtuk „dhbacr dcb h`c’ thrshout, phbakcè ihbacioen

shiuc khrtcs ycba sudcf dehdcrkcb khpcdc pcrc iured ncnu ihihrekscbyc. Dedcpcte

ocfcwc iured-iured ohbcr-ohbcr ihbacncie icscncf khkhnerucb dcnci ihbah`c kctc

peb`cicb. Cdc ycba ihbah`c „thnhvesyhb’ shocace „thnevesemb’, „thnevesehb’ dcb

„thneveshb’. „Hnhktrek’ punc descncfh`c shocace „enhktrek’. Ocfkcb kctc „hpcn’ ycba ohaetu

iudcf pub descncfh`c shocace „cphn’ dcb „cpcn’. „_hkrhcse’ deh`c shocace „rhkrecse’

mnhf khocbyckcb iured dcb kctc „sycrekct’ shrebakcne descncfh`c shocace „sfcrekct’. Cpc

ycba ihbcrek ecncf h`ccb „sfcrekct’ iubakeb khnefctcbbyc tecdc icscncf dcre shae



?<

lmbhtek dcb seiomn bciub ec ihrupckcb kctc peb`cicb dcb dcnci khs ebe cturcb

phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ycba dethtcpkcb mnhf Dhwcb Ocfcsc dcb Zustckc fcrusncf

depctufe.

Zhbakcè ùac ihbdcpcte icscncf ycba shrupc shicsc ihihreksc fcsen khr`c

iured ihbhruse ouku nctefcb ihrhkc. Cdc khscncfcb h`ccb kctc peb`cicb ycba khtcrc

wcncupub ihrhkc sudcf dedhdcfkcb dhbacb h`ccb thrshout ihbhruse ouku thks dcb

ocfcb-ocfcb ihdec.

Zhihrfctecb ùac thncf deouct shicsc phbakcè ihb`cncbkcb uècb prc dcb uècb

pms (uècb pcsgc). Whicsc uècb prc de`cncbkcb pcdc 8 @unce, iured khnefctcb thrcack-

cack khtekc ihb`cwco smcncb. Ihrhkc tedck dcpct ihbhbtukcb icbc sctu h`ccb ycba

ohtun wcncupub smcncb ohrohbtuk mo`hktel. Iured khnefctcb khneru dcb cack ncioct dcnci

ihbhbtukcb icbckcf h`ccb ycba thpct. Whthncf dephreksc, khocbyckcb iured ihbdcpct

icrkcf ycba rhbdcf dcb dhbacb dhiekecb acacn dcnci uècb thrshout.

Xbtuk ihbactcse icscncf phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb thrshout, phbakcè

ihbhkcbkcb phbtebabyc nctefcb ctcu nctef tuoe icfupub phbauncbacb shicsc

ihb`cncbkcb icbc-icbc shse phbac`crcb dcb phiohnc`crcb dcnci khncs. Zhbakcè

ihbacdckcb shse „dhbacr dcb h`c’ shphrte ycba sudcf de`cncbkcb pcdc phihrfctecb

phrtcic ocae ihioecsckcb iured dhbacb kctc-kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba ycba

shrebakcne deaubckcb dcnci ouku thks dcb ùac icbc-icbc ocfcb ruùkcb ycba ncebbyc

scic cdc ocfcb ocgccb ctcupub ocfcb ihdec. Zhbakcè ùac ihbhkcbkcb icbc-icbc

kctc peb`cicb ycba dethiue dcnci cpc-cpc thks ycba thrdcpct dcnci ocfcb ruùkcb

shwcktu ihb`cncbkcb shse phbac`crcb dcb phiohnc`crcb dcnci khncs. Ebe ohrtuùcb ubtuk



?1

ihioecsckcb pcrc iured ckcb h`ccb ycba thpct ocae kctc-kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc-ocfcsc

cseba. Ebe phrnu denckukcb nhoef dcre shkcne cacr dcpct ihbactcse icscncf thrshout.

Cpcoenc uècb pms (uècb pcsgc) de`cncbkcb pcdc ?8 @unce ?:37, rhspmbdhb (iured)

khnefctcb yckeb dcnci ihb`cwco smcncb-smcncb ycba ohrkhbccb dhbacb h`ccb kctc

peb`cicb. Cpcoenc dephreksc, dedcpcte ocfcwc shiuc iured nunus dcnci uècb thrshout.

Icncfcb, cdc ycba ihbdcpct icrkcf phbuf.

Dcre cbcneses phihrfctecb ebe, dcpct denefct ocfcwc pcrc rhspmbdhb ihbubùkkcb

tcfcp phbaucsccb ycba rhbdcf shohnui ebthrvhbse de`cncbkcb. Bciub dhiekecb cpcoenc

ebthrvhbse de`cncbkcb ncnu desusune dhbacb uècb pms/pcsgc, iured ihiphrnefctkcb tcfcp

phbaucsccb ycba shickeb ocek dcb ocfkcb ghihrncba. Ebe throukte cpcoenc ihrhkc

ohr`cyc ihbah`c kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba dhbacb ocek dcb dcpct ihbhbtukcb icbc

sctu h`ccb ycba thpct. Ebe ihb`cwco phrsmcncb phrtcic kcècb ebe ecetu sh`cuf icbckcf

tcfcp phbaucscb rhspmbdhb ohrkhbccb h`ccb-h`ccb kctc peb`cicb ycba ohtun.

1.7 Thiuoucn

Fcsen thiuoucn ihbubùkkcb ocfcwc shiuc iured ihiohre icknui ocncs ycba

fciper shrupc cbtcrc sctu scic nceb ecetu „suscf’. Bcipckbyc ihrhkc shiuc khneru

dhbacb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba kfususbyc kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc Ebaahres khrcbc cdc

kctc peb`cicb ycba tedck ohaetu deh`c ihbaekut sesthi lmbhtek Ocfcsc Ihncyu. Ebe

ihbackeoctkcb khkhnerucb. Cdc ùac de cbtcrc ihrhkc ycba pcdc iuncbyc khneru dhbacb

phrohzccb „sy’ dcb „sf’ ycba nczeibyc ihrupckcb kmbsmbcb kctc shrcpcb ycba

depeb`ci dcre ocfcsc Crco.



?6

Zhbakcè ihb`cncbkcb thiu oucn khduc ycba decdckcb shnhpcs uècb pms. Fcsen

thiuoucn khduc thrshout ihiohre aciocrcb khshnurufcb yckbe rctc-rctc iured ohrshtuù

ocfcwc ihrhkc dcpct ihbah`c kctc peb`cicb dhbacb ocek shkercbyc deohre phbdhdcfcb

ycba ohruncba-uncba ihbhruse nctef tuoe ycba ihrcbakuie cktevete „dhbacr dcb h`c’. Ebe

ihb`cwco phrsmcncb khduc kcècb ecetu khohrkhscbcb kchdcf nctef tuoe dcb cktevete

„dhbacr dcb h`c’ dcnci ihbebakctkcb khicfercb phbunesccb h`ccb kctc peb`cicb dcnci

kcncbacb iured tcfub Teac.

1.4 Xècb Zrc dcb Zms

Whthncf ihnckscbckcb kchdcf phbauipuncb dctc ihncnue phihrfctecb dcb thiu

oucn, phbakcè ùac turut ihnckscbckcb uècb prc dcb pms ubtuk ihbence phbgcpcecb

rhspmbdhb. Ohrdcscrkcb `cducn de ocwcf, ocbyck ycba acacn dcnci uècb prc pcdc

iuncbyc. Bciub dhiekecb shthncf deohre nctefcb dcb shse „dhbacr dcb h`c’, shiuc

rhspmbdhb thncf dcpct ihbubùkkcb phbebakctcb ycba pmsetel dcb ihiohrcbascbakcb

ohrdcscrkcb icrkcf ycba ihrhkc phrmnhfe dcrepcdc uècb pms shphrte ycba thrthrc pcdc

`cducn de ocwcf.

@cducn 70 Icrkcf Xècb Zrc dcb Xècb Zms

Oen. _hspmbdhb Xècb Zrc (phr 3:) Xècb Zms (phr 3:)

3. C3 8 6

?. C? 4 3:

7. C7 4 1

4. C4 7 3:



_c`cf arcl

ihiohrcbascbakcb

_c`cf ? 0 Zhrohzccb

Ohrdcscrkcb

rhspmbdhb thncf ihb

dcnci uècb pms è

ihnckscbckcb shse p

peb`cicb, rhspmbdhb

omnhf deouktekcb dhb

shiuc rhspmbdhb.

Ihburut khp

icrkcf. Fcbyc rhsp

icsef thrncnu rhbd

ihbebakct khpcdc

:

?

4

<

6

3:

3?

C3

?5

de ocwcf ihiphrnefctkcb phbeba

hthncf deohre nctef tuoe dcb shse phbah`ccb.

crkcf Ucba Dephrmnhf Mnhf _hspmbdhb Dc

rc`cf arcl de ctcs ùac, phbakcè ihb

ubùkkcb phbebakctcb dcb ihiphrmnhf ic

c deocbdebakcb dhbacb khputuscb uècb

bac`crcb dcb phiohnc`crcb ycba ohrkcetcb

shickeb yckeb ubtuk ihb`cwco smcncb dc

acb ihnefct khpcdc phbebakctcb icrkcf uè

tuscb icrkcf dcnci _c`cf 3, iured C3 i

bdhb C3 ycba nunus dcnci u ecb prc ebe. B

f. Cpcoenc rhspmbdhb C3 ihbduduke

icrkcf dcb dhbacb dhiekecb nunus d

C? C7 C4

ctcb ycba gukup

nci Xècb Zrc dcb Zms

cpcte ocfcwc shiuc

rkcf ycba nhoef tebaae

prc. Whnhpcs phbakcè

hbacb phbah`ccb kctc

nci uècb pms. Fcn ebe

b ycba dephrmnhf mnhf

hbdcpct 8 dcrepcdc 3:

iub ohaetu, 8 icrkcf

ècb pms, icrkcfbyc

bacb ghihrncba. Ebe

Xècb Zrc

Xècb Zms



7:

ihbubùkkcb phbebakctcb pmsetel shocbyck 7 icrkcf. Zcdc iuncbyc rhspmbdhb C?

ihbdcpct 4 dcrepcdc 3: icrkcf dcnci uècb prc. Bciub dhiekecb, phbgcpcecbbyc

ihbebakct khpcdc 3: icrkcf yckbe icrkcf phbuf. _hspmbdhb C7 ihbdcpct 4 dcrepcdc

3: icrkcf dcnci uècb prc dcb dhbacb dhiekecb dekerc acacn. Bciub dcnci uècb pms,

rhspmbdhb ohrfcsen ihiphrmnhf 1 icrkcf dcb dhbacb dhiekecb nunus dhbacb ocek.

_hspmbdhb C4 ihbdcpct icrkcf ycba thrhbdcf dcnci uècb prc. Bciub ohaetu,

rhspmbdhb thrshout ihbdcpct icrkcf phbuf ecetu 3: dcnci uècb pms. Ebe ihrupckcb

phbebakctcb ycba gukup pmsetel.

@cducn 4 0 @uincf Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Ocae Whtecp _hspmbdhb

_hspmbdhb

Wmcncb

C3 C? C7 C4 @uincf

ohtun

Zrc Zms Zrc Zms Zrc Zms Zrc Zms Zrc Zms

3 / / V / / V V / ? 7

? / V V / V V / / ? 4

7 V / / / V / / / ? 4

4 V / V / V / V / : 4

8 V / / / V / V / 3 7

< V V V / V / V / : 4

1 / / / / / / / / 4 4

6 / / / / / V V / 7 7

5 V / V / / / V / 3 4

3: / / V / V / V / 3 4

@uincf ohtun 8 6 4 3: 4 1 7 3:



73

Cbcneses Ihbaekut Bmiomr Wmcncb

Cbcneses cdcncf ohrdcscrkcb @cducn 4. Wmcncb 3 ihbdcpct ? `cwcpcb ycba ohtun

dcre pcrc rhspmbdhb dcnci uècb prc icbckcnc dcnci uècb pms punc cdc 7 `cwcpcb ycba

ohtun dcre rhspmbdhb dcnci smcncb thrshout. Ocae smcncb ? punc, cdc ? `cwcpcb ycba

ohtun dcre rhspmbdhb dcnci uècb prc dcb 4 `cwcpcb ycba ohtun dcnci uècb pms

shthncfbyc. @uincf `cwcpcb ycba ohtun dcre pcrc rhspmbdhb dcnci smcncb 7 ocae uècb

prc ecncf ? dcb 4 dcnci uècb pms. Ocae smcncb 4 punc, tecdc rhspmbdhb ycba dcpct

ihb`cwco smcncb thrshout dhbacb ohtun dcnci uècb prc. Bciub dhiekecb dcnci uècb

pms, cdc 4 rhspmbdhb ycba dcpct ihb`cwco smcncb thrshout dhbacb ohtun.

Wmcncb 8 de`cwco dhbacb ohtun mnhf shmrcba rhspmbdhb dcnci uècb prc dcb 7

mrcba rhspmbdhb dcnci uècb pms. Tecdc rhspmbdhb ycba dcpct ihb`cwco smcncb <

dhbacb ohtun dcnci uècb prc. Bciub ohaetu dcnci uècb pms, khshiuc 4 rhspmbdhb

dcpct ihb`cwco smcncb thrshout dhbacb ohtun. Ocae smcncb 1 punc, shiuc 4 rhspmbdhb

dcpct ihb`cwco smcncb dhbacb ohtun dcnci uècb prc icfupub uècb pms. Wmcncb 6

de`cwco mnhf 7 rhspmbdhb dhbacb ohtun dcnci uècb prc icfupub uècb pms. Wmcncb 5 dcb

3: ihbgctctkcb khputuscb ycba scic de icbc fcbyc shmrcba ycba dcpct ihb`cwco

smcncb-smcncb thrshout dhbacb ohtun shicsc uècb prc. Ocae uècb pms punc, khshiuc 4

rhspmbdhb dcpct ihb`cwco smcncb dhbacb ohtun.



7?

Cbcneses Ihbaekut Iured

_c`cf 70 Oencbacb Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Dcb Wcncf _hspmbdhb C3 Dcnci Xècb Zrc

Ihburut rc`cf gcrtc pce de ctcs, rhspmbdhb ihbdcpct 8 `cwcpcb ycba ohtun dcb 8

`cwcpcb ycba scncf dcnci uècb prc. _hspmbdhb ebe dekerc nunus dcnci uècb prc. Bciub

ebe icsef dekerc kurcba ihiucskcb.

_c`cf 40 Oencbacb Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Dcb Wcncf _hspmbdhb C3 Dcnci Xècb Zms

_c`cf de ctcs ihbubùkkcb khputuscb uècb pms ocae rhspmbdhb C3. Zhbebakctcb ycba

khtcrc denefct cpcoenc dec dcpct ihb`cwco 6 smcncb dhbacb ohtun wcncupub cdc ?

88

C3-Z_C

Ohtun

Wcncf

6

?

C3-ZMW

Ohtun

Wcncf



77

`cwcpcb ycba scncf dcb dhbacb dhiekecb nunus dhbacb ghihrncba dcnci uècb pms

thrshout.

_c`cf 80 Oencbacb Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Dcb Wcncf _hspmbdhb C? Dcnci Xècb Zrc

_hspmbdhb C? acacn dcnci uècb prc khrcbc fcbyc ihbdcpct 4 `cwcpcb ycba ohtun dcb

< `cwcpcb ycba scncf.

_c`cf <0 Oencbacb Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Dcb Wcncf _hspmbdhb C? Dcnci Xècb Zms

Dcnci uècb pms, rhspmbdhb C? ihb`cwco khshiuc 3: smcncb dhbacb ohtun dcb dhbacb

dhiekecb nunus dhbacb ghihrncba dcnci uècb pms.

4

<

C?-Z_C

Ohtun

Wcncf

3:

:

C?-ZMW

Ohtun

Wcncf



74


_hspmbdhb C7 acacn dcnci uècb prc de icbc dec fcbyc dcpct ihb`cwco 4 smcncb

dhbacb ohtun dcb < smcncb shnhoefbyc punc de`cwco dhbacb scncf.

_c`cf 60 Oencbacb Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Dcb Wcncf _hspmbdhb C7 Dcnci Xècb Zms

Dcnci uècb pms, rhspmbdhb C7 nunus dhbacb ocek cpcoenc ihb`cwco 1 smcncb dhbacb

ohtun ohrocbdeba dhbacb 7 smcncb ycba de`cwco dhbacb scncf.

4

<

C7-Z_C

Ohtun

Wcncf

1

7

C7-ZMW

Ohtun

Wcncf



78


_hspmbdhb C4 acacn dcnci u`ecb prc de icbc dec fcbyc dcpct ihb`cwco 7 smcncb

dhbacb ohtun dcb shnhoefbyc punc ecetu 1 smcncb de`cwco dhbacb scncf.

_c`cf 3:0 Oencbacb Wmcncb Ucba Ohtun Dcb Wcncf _hspmbdhb C4 Dcnci X`ecb Zms

_hspmbdhb C4 ihiphrnefctkcb phbebakctcb ycba ihiohrcbascbakcb cpcoenc dec dcpct

ihb`cwco khshiuc 3: smcncb dhbacb ohtun tcbpc cdc shocrcba `cwcpcb ycba scncf dcb

dhbacb dhiekecb nunus dhbacb ghihrncba.

7

1

C4-Z_C

Ohtun

Wcncf

3:

:

C4-ZMW

Ohtun

Wcncf



7<

Icrkcf _hspmbdhb Ihbaekut Zhrctus

Ocae ihnefct fcsen dcpctcb dhbacb nhoef `hncs, phbakcè thncf ihbukcrkcb fcsen

dcpctcb uècb prc dcb pms dcnci ohbtuk phrctuscb. Xbtuk ihbdcpctkcb icrkcf uècb

dcnci phrctus, icrkcf thrshout phrnu dedcrcokcb dhbacb 3::. Ohrekut cdcncf fcsen

dcpctcb ihncnue uècb prc dcb pms dcnci ohbtuk phrctuscb ocae shtecp rhspmbdhb.

@cducn 80 Zhrctuscb Icrkcf Ocae Whtecp _hspmbdhb

_hspmbdhb Xècb Zrc(phr shrctus) Xècb Zms (phr shrctus)

C3 8:% 6:%

C? 4:% 3::%

C7 4:% 1:%

C4 7:% 3::%

Zurctc 4:% 61.8:%

Dcpctcb icrkcf purctc uècb prc dcb pms ihbubùkkcb ocfcwc thrdcpct

phrohzccb ycba byctc cbtcrc khduc-duc icrkcf thrshout. Ebe khrcbc purctc icrkcf uècb

prc ecetu 4:% ihbebakct shgcrc pmsetel yckbe shocbyck 41.8:% dcnci uècb pms ctcu

uècb pcsgc. Hkmrcb dcrepcdc phbebakctcb thrshout, purctc icrkcf uècb pms ecncf

61.8:%.



71

6.: _XIXWCB DCB _HLNHKWE DCZCTCB KC@ECB

6.3 Zhbahbcncb

Tcùk ebe ihiohbtcbakcb thbtcba ruiuscb dcb rhlnhkse phbakcè ohrdcscrkcb

dcpctcb kcècb ycba dephrmnhfe ihncnue ebstruihb-ebstruihb kcècb. Whnceb etu, ec ùac

ohrtuùcb ubtuk ihb`cwco phrsmcncb kcècb ycba thncf deutcrckcb mnhf phbakcè shohnui

ebe.

6.? _uiuscb

Fcsen dcpctcb phihrfctecb ihbdcpcte ocfcwc pcrc rhspmbdhb dcpct

ihbubùkkcb khicùcb ycba scbact ihbaacnckkcb kfususbyc shicsc rhspmbdhb

ihiohre icknui ocncs thbtcba khohrkhscbcb nctef tuoe dcnci ihbactcse icscncf

khsencpcb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb dcnci ocfcsc cseba.

Dcnci phihrfctecb, shgcrc khshnurufcbbyc rhspmbdhb iured nhoef ohrkhyckebcb

dcnci ihb`cwco smcncb uècb pms. Ebe throukte ohbcr cpcoenc shiuc rhspmbdhb ihbdcpct

icrkcf ycba tebaae dcnci uècb pms dcb dhbacb dhiekecb nunus dcnci uècb thrshout. Ebe

scbact ohrthbtcbacb dhbacb khputuscb uècb prc de icbc fcbyc shmrcba scfc`c ycba

nunus icbckcnc ycba nceb punc acacn.

Fcsen dcpctcb thiu oucn ihbubùkkcb ocfcwc rhspmbdhb ohrcsc khneru thrfcdcp

sesthi phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc-ocfcsc cseba ycba cack ohrgcipur cduk dcb

khnefctcb shphrte oukcb gcrc phbah`ccb Ocfcsc Ihncyu. Etuncf shocobyc ihrhkc tedck

dcpct ihbah`c dhbacb ocek. Bciub rhspmbdhb ùac ihbackue khohrkhscbcb kchdcf



76

nctef tuoe khrcbc ec ihneoctkcb phbauncbacb ycba omnhf ihnczeikcb ctcu ihioecsckcb

pcrc rhspmbdhb ubtuk ihictufe cturcb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ycba thncf dethtcpkcb

mnhf Dhwcb Ocfcsc dcb Zustckc.

Xècb prc dcb pms ihiohre aciocrcb ycba nhoef `hncs ncae dcnci phihrmnhfcb

dctc de icbc thrdcpct phbebakctcb purctc icrkcf dcre uècb prc khpcdc uècb pms ycba

scbact seabelekcb ctcu ihbaacnckkcb. Ebe khrcbc purctc icrkcf uècb prc ecetu 4:%

ihbebakct shgcrc pmsetel yckbe shocbyck 41.8:% dcnci uècb pms ctcu uècb pcsgc.

Hkmrcb dcrepcdc phbebakctcb thrshout, purctc icrkcf uècb pms ecncf 61.8:%. Fcsen-

fcsen dcpctcb tcde ihbubùkkcb ocfcwc shohbcrbyc icscncf khsencpcb phbah`ccb kctc

peb`cicb dcnci kcncbacb iured Tcfub Teac dcpct dectcse dhbacb `cycbyc.

6.7 _hlnhkse Dcpctcb Kcècb

Whncic phnckscbccb dcb phbyecpcb kcècb tebdckcb ebe, ocbyck phrkcrc ocru

ycba phbakcè phnc`cre. Zhbacncicb shpcb`cba ihbyecpkcb thses ebe ùac scbact ohraubc

dcb ohrickbc ocae dere phbakcè. Fcn ebe khrcbc, ebe ihrupckcb kcne phrtcic phbakcè

thrneoct shgcrc ncbasuba dcnci ihbauipun dctc shwcktu ihnckscbckcb kcècb de

shkmncf.

Whihicbabyc phbakcè ihiphrmnhfe ocbyck icblcct dcrepcdc phnckscbccb thses

kcècb tebdckcb ebe. Whphrte ycba thncf debyctckcb tcde, phbakcè dcpct ihbciocfkcb

ncae eniu ohrkcetcb dhbacb kcècb tebdckcb. Ihncnue phiocgccb ouku-ouku eniecf,

ùrbcn-ùrbcn phbyhnedekcb dcb ocfcb-ocfcb nceb ycba ohrkcetcb, phbakcè thncf

ihbahtcfue shdeket shocbyck thbtcba shnmk-ohnmk kcècb tebdckcb. Ihskepub shdcr

ocfcwc phbakcè icsef kurcba ihieneke eniu dcnci oedcba thrshout khrcbc ncbasuba



75

tedck ihipubyce phbacncicb dcnci ihnckscbckcb shrtc ihbyhdeckcb ncpmrcb kcècb

tebdckcb, bciub ec oukcbncf phbafcncba khpcdc phbakcè ubtuk ihbyhipurbckcb

tuacscb ycba ohscr icblcctbyc ebe.

Dhbacb shacnc tubùk c`cr dcrepcdc phbsycrcf phbyhnec, khr`cscic dcrepcdc

pefck shkmncf thrutcicbyc auru ohscr, auru phioeioeba dcb rhspmbdhb-rhspmbdhb ycba

fhbdck dekcè thricsuk phroebgcbacb dcb phrkmbasecb icknuict dcnci kcncbacb rckcb-

rckcb, ckferbyc phbakcè dcpct ihbyhipurbckcb thses kcècb tebdckcb ebe.

Zhbakcè phrgcyc ocfcwc ocfcwc kcècb ebe tedck shfcrusbyc ohrfhbte pcdc

phrebakct EZA scfc`c. Ebe khrcbc shocace ockcn auru ycba ockcn ohrtuacs dcnci shoucf

shkmncf pcdc tcfub dhpcb, phbakcè omnhf shbtecsc ihbgcre tcfu shocrcba icscncf

ohrkhbccb dhbacb phiohnc`crcb iured-iured dcnci oenek dcr`cf. Zhbakcè tedck

ihbmnck khiubakebcb ocfcwc phbakcè icipu ihbgeptc kchdcf shbdere ctcu shkurcba-

kurcbabyc ihbaacoubakcb kchdcf-kchdcf ycba shdec cdc dcnci ihbactcse cpc ùc

`hbes icscncf phiohnc`crcb ycba defcdcpe iured.

Ihskepub phbakcè ihieneke ohohrcpc khkurcbacb iescnbyc tedck yckeb dhbacb

ocfcb dcb kchdcf ycba deaubckcb, phrcsccb shohaebe thncf ohr`cyc dectcse shthncf

ohr`cyc ihbyecpkcb kcècb ebe. Whihicbabyc phbacncicb ihbyecpkcb thses kcècb

tebdckcb ebe scbact ohricblcct dcb ohraubc khpcdc phbakcè ycba ckcb ihb`cde wcrac

phbdedek ycba ohreniu dcb ohrkrhdeoenete khnck.



4:

6.4 Khseipuncb

Cdc duc phrsmcncb kcècb ycba sudcf thr`cwco ecetu sh`cuf icbckcf tcfcp

phbaucscb rhspmbdhb ohrkhbccb h`ccb-h`ccb kctc peb`cicb ycba ohtun shocace

phrsmcncb phrtcic dcb cdckcf khicfercb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb dcpct detebakctkcb

dhbacb ihbaaubckcb kchdcf nctef tuoe shocace phrsmcncb khduc.

Ocae phrsmcncb phrtcic, pcrc rhspmbdhb ihbubùkkcb tcfcp phbaucsccb ycba

rhbdcf shohnui ebthrvhbse de`cncbkcb. Bciub dhiekecb cpcoenc ebthrvhbse de`cncbkcb

ncnu desusune dhbacb uècb pms/pcsgc, iured ihiphrnefctkcb tcfcp phbaucsccb ycba

shickeb ocek dcb ocfkcb ghihrncba. Ebe throukte cpcoenc ihrhkc ohr`cyc ihbah`c kctc

peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba dhbacb ocek dcb dcpct ihbhbtukcb icbc sctu h`ccb ycba thpct.

Xbtuk ihb`cwco phrsmcncb khduc, shihicbabyc kchdcf nctef tuoe scbact

ohrkhscb dcnci ihiphrtebakctkcb khicfercb phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba. Ebe

khrcbc dhbacb nctefcb ycba ohruncba-uncba thricsuk cktevete „dhbacr dcb h`c’ ycba

decdckcb ohohrcpc kcne shocace nctef tuoe, rhspmbdhb iured dcpct ihioecsckcb dere

dhbacb h`ccb-h`ccb kctc peb`cicb ycba ckurct dcb thpct. Ebe throukte cpcoenc pcrc

rhspmbdhb ihbubùkkcb phbebakctcb pmsetel ycba seabelekcb dcnci uècb pms. Ebe

dephrkukufkcb ncae mnhf khbyctccb rhspmbdhb shbdere ocfcwc shkercbyc khicfercb

phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb ocfcsc cseba deuncba-uncba dcnci thipmf thrthbtu, ihrhkc

ckcb dcpct ihioecsckcb dere dcnci ihbaucsce dcb shncbùtbyc ihbaebacte h`ccb-h`ccb

kctc peb`cicb ycba ohtun.



43

5.: GCDCBACB KC@ECB NCB@XTCB

Kcècb ebe omnhf detciocf ocek ncae dcnci hrte kctc ocfcwc icsef ocbyck ncae

kchdcf nceb ycba omnhf deaubckcb ubtuk ihbactcse icscncf khsencpcb phbah`ccb kctc

peb`cicb dcnci kcncbacb iured. Khiubakebcb ohscr kcècb ycba shncbùtbyc omnhf

deshsucekcb ihbaekut khphrnucb iured-iured. Ickbcbyc kchdcf iubakeb ohrohzc

ihbaekut tcfcp iured. Iescnbyc tcfcp phbaucsccb rhspmbdhb kcècb icscncf khsencpcb

phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb dcnci kcncbacb iured Tcfub ? iubakeb ohrohzc dhbacb

Tcfub 7 dcb icbc-icbc khncs tcfcp duc. (Tcfub 4, 8 dcb <).

Whnceb dcrepcdc etu, kcècb ebe omnhf dethruskcb mnhf shsecpc scfc`c dhbacb

oencbacb rhspmbdhb ycba nhoef rcice. Mnhf khrcbc lcktmr khkurcbacb iured de shkmncf

thipct phbakcè ihiouct kcècb, oencbacb rhspmbdhb cdcncf thrfcd. Bciub dhiekecb,

fcsen dcpctcb kcècb ckcb nhoef ihbùncba tebaae ncae tcfcp khscfcbbyc cpcoenc nhoef

ocbyck rhspmbdhb ycba ihbyuiocba ebput-ebput ycba scbact dephrnukcb khpcdc kcècb

ebe. Mnhf etu, phbakcè ihbgcdcbakcb kcècb ebe de`cncbkcb de icbc-icbc shkmncf ycba

nhoef rcice iuredbyc dcb dhbacb dhiekecb oencbacb rhspmbdhb pub ihbebakct. Ebe ckcb

ihiohre aciocrcb ycba nhoef nucs ohrkhbccb skmp phricscncfcb ycba dekcè mnhf

phbakcè.

Zhbakcè tedck ihbmnck khiubakebcb ocfcwc phbakcè-phbakcè shthrusbyc ycba

ùac ihbaupcs tcùk ebe ohocs ubtuk ihbacpnekcsekcb cpc ùc khphnocacecb ycba cdc

dcnci skmp dcb phrshketcrcb kcècb ebe ohrdcscrkcb krhctevete icseba-icseba. Iescnbyc,



4?

skmp kcècb ebe iubakeb omnhf deshipetkcb ncae khpcdc khsencpcb phbah`ccb kctc-kctc

peb`cicb dcnci ocfcsc Ebaahres scfc`c ctcu ocfkcb ocfcsc Crco. Ebe omnhf ihiohre

aciocrcb ycba nucs bciub sphlesek thbtcba shsuctu khicfercb phbah`ccb ycba fhbdck

dekcè.

Zhbakcè ùac ihbacnu-cnukcb shocrcba phbciocfocekcb ctcs kcècb ebe.

Zhbakcè phrgcyc ocfcwc kcècb ebe omnhf deicbtcpkcb ncae dhbacb kcècb-kcècb ycba

shthrusbyc cscnkcb tedck ncre dcre skmp phbah`ccb kctc peb`cicb dcnci shiuc ocfcsc

cseba ctcupub ycba desphselekcsekcb khpcdc icbc-icbc ocfcsc cseba ycba fhbdck

delmkuskcb dcnci kcècb ihburut khfhbdck phbakcè-phbakcè ycba shthrusbyc.



47

3:.: WHBC_CE _X@XKCB

Ouku

Cdhbcb Cymo & Kfceruddeb Imfcicd (?:3?). Kchdcf Zhbac`crcb Ocfcsc Ihncyu.

Wfcf Cnci 0 Mxlmrd Lc`cr Wdb. Ofd.

Ckfecr Zcrde, Wfcisebc Wcisudeb (?:3?). Zhbacbtcr Zhbyhnedekcb Tebdckcb dcnci

Zhbyhnedekcb Zhbdedekcb. Whncbamr0 Zhbhroet Iunteihdec Wdb. Ofd.

Czeze Ucfyc ht cn (?::<). Ihbaucsce Zhbyhnedekcb Dcnci Zhbdedekcb. Whncbamr0 ZTW

Zuonegctemb Cbd Destreoutmrs Wdb. Ofd.

Gfmw, L.I. & @cezcf Icfciud (?:33). Kcècb Tebdckcb0 Kmbshp & Cicncb dcnci

Zhbac`crcb. Zugfmba0 Zhbhroetcb Iunteihdec Wdb. Ofd.

Gfuc Ucb Zecw (?::<). Kchdcf dcb Wtctestek Zhbyhnedekcb 0 Kchdcf Zhbyhnedekcb

(Ouku 3). Icncysec 0 IgArcw-Fenn.

Imfd. Icèd Kmbteba (?::8). Kchdcf Zhbyhnedekcb Zhbdedekcb. Kucnc Nuipur 0

Dhwcb Ocfcsc dcb Zustckc.

Immk Wmmb Wcba (?::5). Nethrctur dcb Kchdcf Zhbyhnedekcb. Whncbamr 0 Iunteihdec

Wdb. Ofd

_msebcf Hdebeb. (?:33). Zhbyhnedekcb Tebdckcb, Kchdcf dcb Zhbunescb. Kucnc Nuipur0Lrhhiebd Fmrezmbs Wdb. Ofd.

Wfcisebc Wfcisuddeb (?:37). Zcbducb Ihnckscbckcb Kcècb Tebdckcb de Whkmncf.

Kucnc Nuipur0 Lrhhiebd Fmrezmbs Wdb. Ofd.

@urbcn

Afcbe o. Esicen, _czetc ot. Imfd, Burun Fedcycf ot. _mzncb. Zhbaaubccb Ocfcsc

Ihncyu Zcdc Zcpcb Tcbdc Cwci Dcb Zrhies Zhrbecaccb De Whketcr

Ocbdcrcyc Kucnc Thrhbaacbu, Ocbdcrcyc Qcrescb Zhseser Cer. Thses tedckdethroetkcb, Xbevhrsete Thkbmnmae Icrc, Thrhbaacbu, Icncysec

Crtekhn Dcnci Tcnecb

Bmmr Wcncwcte (?:3?). OI Kmbthkstucn Whi ?0 Zhbah`ccb Kctc Zeb`cicb.

fttps0//iyscncwcte.?3gncsshs.gmi/bhxtHbtrehs/spv7qb<ydy85 Dencycre pcdc 3:

Icg ?:37



44

33.: NCIZE_CB

Ncipercb C

Thiu Oucn 3

Auru 0Cdckcf suscf ubtuk ihbah`c kctc peb`cicb=

C3 0 Uc, suscf gekau

Auru 0Ihbacpc suscf=

C3 0Wcyc khneru gekau. H`ccbbyc icgci ocfcsc Ebaahres.


C? 0Wuscf, gekau.


C? 0Kctc peb`cicb ebe kcncu deshout, nceb, deh`c pub nceb.


C7 0Wuscf, gekau.


C7 0Cdc kctc ycba scyc shncnu dhbacr thtcpe cdc ycba `crcba scyc dhbacr.


C4 0Wuscf. (Wcioen ihbacbaauk-cbaauk khpcnc)


C4 0Khrcbc oukcb deh`c icgci ocfcsc Ihncyu.



48

Ncipercb O

Thiu Oucn ?

Auru 0Cpc phrcsccb kciu thrfcdcp nctef tuoe ycba gekau `cncbkcb=

C3 0 Ocaus.Kcncu gekau uncba ocbyck kcne, kcie shbcba ebact

Auru 0Cdckcf uècb pms tcde icsef suscf ocae kciu=

C3 0Tedckncf gekau. Wcyc yckeb scyc `cwco ohtun-ohtun.


C? 0 Ocaus ùac. Kcie ocnek-ocnek khbc kcse ebact.


C? 0Tedckncf ùacocf. Ocbyck sudcf h`ccb ycba scyc throhnc`cr.


C7 0 Wcyc rcsc ickeb shbcba. Gekau pub shncnu uncba. @cde scyc ebactncf.


C7 0Tedck ùacncf. Ncaepub scyc sudcf ebact ocbyck h`ccb be.


C4 0 Tedck sudcf suscf ebe h`ccb. Ocnek-ocnek khbc kcse ebact mnhf gekau


C4 0Tedckncf. Wcyc rcsc shbcbaocf. Wcyc thrfclcn sudcf etu h`ccb.



Ncipercb G

Fcsen Khr`c Cktevete

4<

Dhbacr & H`c (Zhihrfctecb Cwcn)



Ncipercb D

Nctef Tuoe E (Ckteve

41

te Dhbacr & H`c)



Ncipercb H

Nctef Tuoe EE

46



Ncipercb L

X`ecb Zrc (Whohnui

45

Nctef Tuoe E&EE De`cncbkcb)



Ncipercb A

X`ecb Zms (Whnhpcs ctef Tuoe E & EE De`cncbkcb)

kaedah latih tubi dalam mengatasi masalah kesilapan pengejaan kata pinjaman dalam kalangan murid...

Documents